ArticlePloS one2013
Retinal pigmented epithelial cells cytotoxicity and apoptosis through activation of the mitochondrial intrinsic pathway: role of indocyanine green, brilliant blue and implications for chromovitrectomy.
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
- Macular peeling-induced retinal damage: clinical and histopathological evaluation after using different dyes.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2018Trial
- Chromovitrectomy: current evidence, emerging technologies, and practical applications in vitreoretinal surgery.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Review
- Application of digital surgery in ophthalmology: intraoperative display of pre-operative enface OCT and ERM peeling unveiling the role of ERM adherence.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Article
- Retinal architecture as a determinant of brilliant blue G phototoxicity during internal limiting membrane peeling: A case series.World journal of clinical cases · 2026Article
- Safety Profile of Lutein- Versus Triamcinolone Acetonide-Based Vitreous Staining.Translational vision science & technology · 2023Article
- Macular toxicity of vital dye after pars plana vitrectomy for idiopathic epiretinal membrane: A case report.American journal of ophthalmology case reports · 2022Article
- Advanced late-onset retinitis pigmentosa with dominant-acting D477G RPE65 mutation is responsive to oral synthetic retinoid therapy.BMJ open ophthalmology · 2020Article
- Intraocular use of acid violet 17 at a concentration of 1.5 mg/ml is not safe.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2017Article
- Differential autophagic effects of vital dyes in retinal pigment epithelial ARPE-19 and photoreceptor 661W cells.PloS one · 2017Article
- Biocompatibility of the vital dye Acid Violet-17 on retinal pigment epithelial cells.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2016Article
- Effect of distance and duration of illumination on retinal ganglion cells exposed to varying concentrations of brilliant blue green.Journal of clinical medicine research · 2015Article
- Testing the effects of the dye acid violet-17 on retinal function for an intraocular application in vitreo-retinal surgery.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2014Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTo investigate the in vitro effect of four vital dyes on toxicity and apoptosis in a human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell line.
methodsARPE-19 cells were exposed to brilliant blue (BriB), methyl blue (MetB), acid violet (AcV) and indocyanine green (ICG). Balanced salt solution was used as control. Five different concentrations of each dye (1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.05 and 0.005 mg/mL) and two exposure times (3 and 30 min) were tested. Cell viability was determined by cell count and MTS assay and cell toxicity by LDH assay. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were used to access the apoptosis process.
resultsICG significantly reduced cell viability after 3 minutes of exposure at all concentrations (p<0.01). BriB was safe at concentrations up to 0.25 mg/mL and MetB at concentrations up to 0.5 mg/mL, while AcV was safe up to 0.05 mg/ml, after 3 minutes of exposure. Toxicity was higher, when the cells were treated for 30 minutes. Expression of Bax, cytochrome c and caspase-9 was upregulated at the mRNA and protein level after ICG exposure, while Bcl-2 was downregulated. AcV and MetB were similar to control. However, BriB resulted in upregulation of Bcl-2, an antiapoptotic protein.
conclusionsThe safest dye used on RPE cells was MetB followed by BriB and AcV. ICG was toxic at all concentrations and exposure times tested. Moreover, ICG was the only dye that induced apoptosis in ARPE-19 cells. BriB significantly increased Bcl-2 protein levels, which might protect against the apoptosis process.
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