ArticlePloS one2013
Population trends and variation in body mass index from 1971 to 2008 in the Framingham Heart Study Offspring Cohort.
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
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- An epigenetic score for BMI based on DNA methylation correlates with poor physical health and major disease in the Lothian Birth Cohort.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2019Article
- Assessing health impacts of home food gardens with Wind River Indian Reservation families: protocol for a randomised controlled trial.BMJ open · 2019Article
- Modeling a bivariate residential-workplace neighborhood effect when estimating the effect of proximity to fast-food establishments on body mass index.Statistics in medicine · 2019Article
- Real-world menstrual cycle characteristics of more than 600,000 menstrual cycles.NPJ digital medicine · 2019Article
- Genotype effects contribute to variation in longitudinal methylome patterns in older people.Genome medicine · 2018Article
- Increasing serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with reduced odds of long menstrual cycles in a cross-sectional study of African American women.Fertility and sterility · 2016Article
- The Link Between Inadequate Sleep and Obesity in Young Adults.Current obesity reports · 2016Review
- Immunometabolism in obese asthmatics: are we there yet?Nutrients · 2013Review
- Magnitude of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Western Perspective.Journal of clinical and experimental hepatologyReview
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4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveWe examined body mass index (BMI) across place and time to determine the pattern of BMI mean and standard deviation trajectories.
methodsWe included participants in the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) Offspring Cohort over eight waves of follow-up, from 1971 to 2008. After exclusions, the final sample size was 4569 subjects with 28,625 observations. We used multi-level models to examine population means and variation at the individual and neighborhood (census tracts) levels across time with measured BMI as the outcome, controlling for individual demographics and behaviors and neighborhood poverty. Because neighborhoods accounted for limited BMI variance, we removed this level as a source of variation in final models. We examined sex-stratified models with all subjects and models stratified by sex and baseline weight classification.
resultsMean BMI increased from 24.0 kg/m(2) at Wave 1 to 27.7 at Wave 8 for women and from 26.6 kg/m(2) to 29.0 for men. In final models, BMI variation also increased from Waves 1 to 8, with the standard deviation increasing from 4.18 kg/m(2) to 6.15 for women and 3.31 kg/m(2) to 4.73 for men. BMI means increased in parallel across most baseline BMI weight classifications, except for more rapid increases through middle-age for obese women followed by declines in the last wave. BMI standard deviations also increased in parallel across baseline BMI classifications for women, with greater divergence of BMI variance for obese men compared to other weight classifications.
conclusionOver nearly 40 years, BMI mean and variation increased in parallel across most baseline weight classifications in our sample. Individual-level characteristics, especially baseline BMI, were the primary factors in rising BMI. These findings have important implications not only for understanding the sources of the obesity epidemic in the United States but also for the targeting of interventions to address the epidemic.
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