Trial reportObesity (Silver Spring, Md.)2013
High protein intake stimulates postprandial GLP1 and PYY release.
Trial report in Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05822167 (Effect of Food Temperature and Diet Composition on Satiety, Satiety Hormones, Chewing Time and Neuronal Activity), which is not on this map. Cited by 84 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effect of Food Temperature and Diet Composition on Satiety, Satiety Hormones, Chewing Time and Neuronal Activity
Who cites it
84 citing papers in PubMed, 165 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Trial
- Randomized Controlled Trial: Effects of a Bitter-Tasting Pea Protein Hydrolysate Intervention With Low Degree of Hydrolyzation on Energy Intake in Moderately Overweight Male Subjects.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2025Trial
- Objective and subjective appetite measures: high versus low eating frequency in a randomized crossover clinical trial.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2025Trial
- Gut-derived appetite hormones do not explain energy intake differences in humans following low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diets.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2024Trial
- A High Protein Diet Is Associated with Improved Glycemic Control Following Exercise among Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes.Nutrients · 2023Trial
- The association between gut hormones and diet-induced metabolic flexibility in metabolically healthy adults.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2023Trial
- Use of a diabetes-specific nutritional shake to replace a daily breakfast and afternoon snack improves glycemic responses assessed by continuous glucose monitoring in people with type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical pilot study.BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2020Trial
- Trial
- Effect of Macronutrient Composition on Appetite Hormone Responses in Adolescents with Obesity.Nutrients · 2019Trial
- Metabolic consequences of discretionary fortified beverage consumption containing excessive vitamin B levels in adolescents.PloS one · 2019Trial
- The effect of breakfast with different macronutrient composition on PYY, ghrelin, and ad libitum intake 4 h after breakfast in Indonesian obese women.BMC research notes · 2018Trial
- Trial
- Acute Effects of Dietary Carbohydrate Restriction on Glycemia, Lipemia and Appetite Regulating Hormones in Normal-Weight to Obese Subjects.Nutrients · 2018Trial
- Trial
- A high carbohydrate, but not fat or protein meal attenuates postprandial ghrelin, PYY and GLP-1 responses in Chinese men.PloS one · 2018Trial
- Effect of meal composition on postprandial glucagon-like peptide-1, insulin, glucagon, C-peptide, and glucose responses in overweight/obese subjects.European journal of nutrition · 2017Trial
- Plasma acyl-ghrelin increases after meal initiation: a new insight.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2016Trial
- Resistant starch and protein intake enhances fat oxidation and feelings of fullness in lean and overweight/obese women.Nutrition journal · 2015Trial
- L-glutamine and whole protein restore first-phase insulin response and increase glucagon-like peptide-1 in type 2 diabetes patients.Nutrients · 2015Trial
24 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveMeals high in protein induce greater intermeal satiety than meals high in fat and carbohydrates. We studied the gut hormone response and subsequent food intake after breakfasts high in protein, carbohydrate or high in fat controlled for volume, calories and appearance. DESIGN AND
methodsEight healthy volunteers participated in this randomized three-way crossover study. Study breakfasts were calculated to provide 20% of daily energy requirements and provided either 60% of energy from protein, fat or carbohydrate. Blood was drawn half-hourly for 4 h; energy intake at a subsequent ad libitum meal was measured.
resultsTotal ghrelin decreased after food intake equally with the three breakfasts. PYY levels were highest after the high protein breakfast (P = 0.005). Indeed, PYY at 240 min was highest after the high protein breakfast compared to the high fat breakfast and to the high carbohydrate breakfast (P = 0.011 and P = 0.012, respectively). GLP-1 levels were highest after the high protein breakfast (P = 0.041) at 120 min and remained higher throughout the study. These differences in gut hormones did not translate into differences in food intake (1023 ± 390 kcal after high protein, 1016 ± 388 kcal after high fat and 1158 ± 433 kcal after high carbohydrate).
conclusionWe conclude that a high protein meal increases circulating concentrations of the gut hormones PYY and GLP-1, but when meals are matched for volume, appearance and caloric value, these gut hormone changes do not translate into a reduction in ad libitum food intake.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.