ArticleStroke2013
An updated definition of stroke for the 21st century: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association.
Article in Stroke, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. It is linked to 21 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 1,635 papers, 14 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Evaluation of Autonomic Modulation in the Hemiparetic Patients After Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) and Treadmill Training: Clinical Trial, Controlled, a Randomized, Double-blind
The British Heart Foundation Older Patients With Non-ST SEgmeNt elevatIOn myocaRdial Infarction Randomized Interventional TreAtment Trial
The Long Term Effects Of Kinesio Taping On Balance In Patients With Stroke: A Single Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial
The Influence of Cognitive Decline on Quality of Life After Coronary Bypass
In-vivo Thrombus Imaging With 18F-GP1, a Novel Platelet PET Radiotracer
Effects of ROOD's Sensory Motor Training Along With Constraint Induced Movement Therapy in Sub-acute Stroke
The Role of DLBS1033 in the Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Study
Effects of Mirror Therapy Versus Repetitive Facilitation Exercise on Upper Limb Function in Post-stroke Patient
Mobile App as a Guide to Lumbopelvic Stability Exercises in Patients With Chronic Stroke: a Pilot Study of a Randomized Clinical Trial
Detecting the Vulnerable Carotid Plaque: "The Carotid Artery Multi-modality Imaging Prognostic (CAMP) Study" - Implications for Stroke and Cognitive Decline Prediction in Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Disease
Comparison of Frequency & Duration of Task Practice During Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy on Lower Limb in Stroke Patients
Combine Effects Of Multisensory Stimulation Exercises And Task Oriented Exercises On Upper Limb Function In Post Stroke Patients.
Effects of Boxing Training on Upper Limb Function, Balance and Quality of Life in Stroke Patients
The Effects of Telerehabilitation-Based Spinal Stabilization Exercises on Physical Activity Level and Fatigue in Chronic Stroke Patients
Guided Versus Standard Antiplatelet Therapy in Intracranial Aneurysm Intervention With Stents: a Cluster Randomized Controlled Cohort Study
Effects Of Trunk Rotation And Lateral Flexion Exercises On Peak Cough Flow And Chest Expansion In Stroke Patients
Effectiveness of Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Upper Limb Motor Recovery After Stroke
Neurological Complications and Intensive-Care Workload After Emergency Repair of Acute Type A Aortic Dissection: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Effects of Wearable Robotic and Virtual Reality-Assisted Interventions on Hand Function in Stroke Rehabilitation
Comparison of High Intensity Laser Therapy (HILT) and Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy (ESWT) for the Treatment of Plantar Flexor Spasticity in Post-Stroke Patients
Evaluation of Clinical Efficacy and Mechanism of Hand Jing-Well Acupoint Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation in Improving Post-Stroke Cognitive Impairment
Who cites it
1,635 citing papers in PubMed, 14 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 3,402 citations in OpenAlex.
- Post-Stroke Depression and Determinants in Ethiopia; A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of methods in psychiatric research · 2026Pooled it
- From Neurophysiological Mechanisms to Rehabilitation After Botulinum Toxin Type A in Post-Stroke Spasticity.Toxins · 2026Pooled it
- Atrial Fibrillation in Retinal Artery Occlusion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Pooled it
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on post-stroke limb spasticity.Journal of neurology · 2026Pooled it
- Efficacy and Safety of Tirofiban for the Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs).Brain and behavior · 2026Pooled it
- Recommendations for rehabilitation of post-stroke multifunctional disorders: a systematic review of clinical practice guidelines.BMC health services research · 2026Pooled it
- Effectiveness of Individual Psychoeducational Interventions for Caregivers of Stroke Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings · 2026Pooled it
- Machine Learning for Predicting Stroke Risk Stratification Using Multiomics Data: Systematic Review.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Pooled it
- Neuroprotective effect of Glibenclamide in stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2026Pooled it
- The impact of alcohol consumption on stroke prognosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2026Pooled it
- Stroke after lung transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Safety and efficacy of Cangrelor versus GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors as adjunctive therapy in endovascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis · 2026Pooled it
- Intravenous Tirofiban for Preventing Acute In-Stent Thrombosis in Emergent Carotid Artery Stenting: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Clinical neuroradiology · 2025Pooled it
- Strokes following snakebite envenomations: A systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Comparative bioavailability of a novel fixed-dose combination of ticagrelor and acetylsalicylic acid.Clinical pharmacology in drug development · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Efficacy of argatroban plus alteplase versus intravenous alteplase according to diabetes mellitus in acute ischemic stroke.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- Medical Management and Revascularization for Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis.The New England journal of medicine · 2026Trial
- Effect ofInternational journal of medical sciences · 2026Trial
- Three vs 12-month DAPT after implantation of biodegradable-polymer sirolimus-eluting coronary stent: a randomised clinical trial.BMC medicine · 2025Trial
1,575 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
26 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Despite the global impact and advances in understanding the pathophysiology of cerebrovascular diseases, the term "stroke" is not consistently defined in clinical practice, in clinical research, or in assessments of the public health. The classic definition is mainly clinical and does not account for advances in science and technology. The Stroke Council of the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association convened a writing group to develop an expert consensus document for an updated definition of stroke for the 21st century. Central nervous system infarction is defined as brain, spinal cord, or retinal cell death attributable to ischemia, based on neuropathological, neuroimaging, and/or clinical evidence of permanent injury. Central nervous system infarction occurs over a clinical spectrum: Ischemic stroke specifically refers to central nervous system infarction accompanied by overt symptoms, while silent infarction by definition causes no known symptoms. Stroke also broadly includes intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage. The updated definition of stroke incorporates clinical and tissue criteria and can be incorporated into practice, research, and assessments of the public health.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.