ReviewMovement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society2013
Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: a consensus update.
Review in Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 7 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 1,012 papers, 10 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Multimodal Treatment of Cervical Dystonia With Botulinum Toxin Injections Associated With a Sensory-motor Perceptive Rehabilitation Integrated Approach (SPRInt) Based on Motor Learning Techniques
Study of the Photic Blink Reflex in Patients With Blepharospasm and Increased Blinking
Analyse de la Marche de Patients Atteints de Dystonie Focale Avant et après Traitement Par Toxine Botulique
Assessment of Long-term Clinical Response to BoNT in Cervical Dystonia - Real-world Evidence of LongevitY of Botulinum Toxin in Cervical Dystonia
A Window Into the Mind-brain-body Interplay: Development of Diagnostic, Prognostic Biomarkers and Rehabilitation Strategies in Functional Motor Disorders
A Randomized, Sham-controlled Study of Cerebellar Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) and Its Effects on the Neurophysiological Properties of the Sensorimotor Network and Motor Symptom Severity in Patients With Isolated Cervical Dystonia (CD)
A Randomised, Cross-over, Double-blind, Sham-Controlled Superiority Trial of UltraSound-Guided Versus Non-Ultrasound-Guided Botulinum TOxin Injections in Cervical DYstonia
Who cites it
1,012 citing papers in PubMed, 10 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 2,210 citations in OpenAlex.
- Managing Dystonia in Partington Syndrome.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2026Pooled it
- Research hotspots and trends in electrical stimulation for movement disorders: a bibliometric analysis from 2016 to 2025.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Pooled it
- Computer Vision Technologies in Movement Disorders: A Systematic Review.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2025Pooled it
- Bromocriptine Versus Levodopa and other treatments in Parkinson's Disease: an updated Meta-analysis Involving more than 4000 patients across 12 randomized clinical trials.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2025Pooled it
- The epidemiology and phenomenology of non-antipsychotic-induced dystonia: a hybrid systematic-narrative review.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2025Pooled it
- Deep brain stimulation for dystonia treatment in cerebral palsy: efficacy exploration.Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) · 2025Pooled it
- No reliable gray matter alterations in idiopathic dystonia.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Treatment with OnabotulinumtoxinA for Oromandibular Dystonia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Toxins · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Pharmacological and neurosurgical management of cerebral palsy and dystonia: Clinical practice guideline update.Developmental medicine and child neurology · 2024Guideline
- Inhibitory Circuits of the Sensorimotor Network are Not Modulated By Cerebellar Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Isolated Cervical Dystonia.Cerebellum (London, England) · 2026Trial
- Subthalamic deep brain stimulation in isolated generalised or segmental dystonia (RELAX Study): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, controlled trial.Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry · 2025Trial
- EMG versus US: a randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy in guiding botulinum toxin treatment in cervical dystonia.Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria · 2025Trial
- Long-Term Outcomes on Pallidal Neurostimulation for Dystonia: A Controlled, Prospective 10-Year Follow-Up.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2025Trial
- Diagnostic approach and treatment options for myoclonus.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Review
- Functional near-infrared spectroscopy: Systematic mapping of abnormal brain function features in neurological disorders.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Should Paratonia Be Considered a Movement Disorder? Implications for Clinical Management.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2026Article
- How Do Oral Medications, Botulinum Toxin Use, and Treatment Burden Change after Deep Brain Stimulation for Dystonia?Movement disorders clinical practice · 2026Article
- Optimal physiotherapy management strategies for cervical dystonia: an international Delphi study.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Article
- A Case of Atypical Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration Masquerading as Primary Psychiatric Illness.Indian journal of psychiatry · 2026Article
952 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 12 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
Abstract
This report describes the consensus outcome of an international panel consisting of investigators with years of experience in this field that reviewed the definition and classification of dystonia. Agreement was obtained based on a consensus development methodology during 3 in-person meetings and manuscript review by mail. Dystonia is defined as a movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions causing abnormal, often repetitive, movements, postures, or both. Dystonic movements are typically patterned and twisting, and may be tremulous. Dystonia is often initiated or worsened by voluntary action and associated with overflow muscle activation. Dystonia is classified along 2 axes: clinical characteristics, including age at onset, body distribution, temporal pattern and associated features (additional movement disorders or neurological features); and etiology, which includes nervous system pathology and inheritance. The clinical characteristics fall into several specific dystonia syndromes that help to guide diagnosis and treatment. We provide here a new general definition of dystonia and propose a new classification. We encourage clinicians and researchers to use these innovative definition and classification and test them in the clinical setting on a variety of patients with dystonia. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.