ArticleGenome biology and evolution2013
The type F6 neurotoxin gene cluster locus of group II clostridium botulinum has evolved by successive disruption of two different ancestral precursors.
Article in Genome biology and evolution, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Guideline
- Real-time PCR assays that detect genes for botulinum neurotoxin A-G subtypes.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Clostridial Neurotoxins: Structure, Function and Implications to Other Bacterial Toxins.Microorganisms · 2021Review
- Integration of Complete Plasmids ContainingToxins · 2021Article
- The Distinctive Evolution ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2021Article
- Pan-Genomic Analysis ofToxins · 2020Article
- Virulence Plasmids of the Pathogenic Clostridia.Microbiology spectrum · 2019Article
- Systematic Assessment of Nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum Spores for Heat Resistance.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2016Review
- Impact ofCurrent opinion in food science · 2016Review
- Evolution of Chromosomal Clostridium botulinum Type E Neurotoxin Gene Clusters: Evidence Provided by Their Rare Plasmid-Borne Counterparts.Genome biology and evolution · 2016Article
- Historical and current perspectives on Clostridium botulinum diversity.Research in microbiology · 2015Review
- Genomes, neurotoxins and biology of Clostridium botulinum Group I and Group II.Research in microbiology · 2015Review
- Genomic sequences of six botulinum neurotoxin-producing strains representing three clostridial species illustrate the mobility and diversity of botulinum neurotoxin genes.Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases · 2015Article
- Draft Genome Sequences of Two Clostridium botulinum Group II (Nonproteolytic) Type B Strains (DB-2 and KAPB-3).Genome announcements · 2014Article
- Botulinum neurotoxins: genetic, structural and mechanistic insights.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2014Review
- Three classes of plasmid (47-63 kb) carry the type B neurotoxin gene cluster of group II Clostridium botulinum.Genome biology and evolution · 2014Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Genome sequences of five different Group II (nonproteolytic) Clostridium botulinum type F6 strains were compared at a 50-kb locus containing the neurotoxin gene cluster. A clonal origin for these strains is indicated by the fact that sequences were identical except for strain Eklund 202F, with 10 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and a 15-bp deletion. The essential topB gene encoding topoisomerase III was found to have been split by the apparent insertion of 34.4 kb of foreign DNA (in a similar manner to that in Group II C. botulinum type E where the rarA gene has been disrupted by a neurotoxin gene cluster). The foreign DNA, which includes the intact 13.6-kb type F6 neurotoxin gene cluster, bears not only a newly introduced topB gene but also two nonfunctional botulinum neurotoxin gene remnants, a type B and a type E. This observation combined with the discovery of bacteriophage integrase genes and IS4 elements suggest that several rounds of recombination/horizontal gene transfer have occurred at this locus. The simplest explanation for the current genotype is that the ancestral bacterium, a Group II C. botulinum type B strain, received DNA firstly from a strain containing a type E neurotoxin gene cluster, then from a strain containing a type F6 neurotoxin gene cluster. Each event disrupted the previously functional neurotoxin gene. This degree of successive recombination at one hot spot is without precedent in C. botulinum, and it is also the first description of a Group II C. botulinum genome containing more than one neurotoxin gene sequence.
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