ArticleFrontiers in microbiology2013
Who possesses drug resistance genes in the aquatic environment?: sulfamethoxazole (SMX) resistance genes among the bacterial community in water environment of Metro-Manila, Philippines.
Article in Frontiers in microbiology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed.
- Shotgun metagenomics reveals the prevalence and mobility of antibiotic resistance genes in the West Bay of the human-impacted Laguna Lake.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Presence of Coliforms and Reduced Water Quality in the Second Biggest Reservoir in São Paulo, Brazil.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Review of the Presence and Phage-Mediated Transfer of ARGs in Biofilms.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Development and application of a highly sensitive quadruple droplet digital PCR method for simultaneous quantification of sulfonamide resistance genes.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Marine bacteria harbor the sulfonamide resistance geneFrontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Irrigation Ponds as Sources of Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria in Agricultural Areas with Intensive Use of Poultry Litter.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Occurrence of antibiotics and bacterial resistance genes in wastewater: resistance mechanisms and antimicrobial resistance control approaches.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2022Review
- An Integrative and Conjugative Element (ICE) Found in Shewanella halifaxensis Isolated from Marine Fish Intestine May Connect Genetic Materials between Human and Marine Environments.Microbes and environments · 2022Article
- Antibiotic resistant bacteria: A bibliometric review of literature.Frontiers in public health · 2022Review
- Conjugative Gene Transfer between Nourished and Starved Cells of Photobacterium damselae ssp. damselae and Escherichia coli.Microbes and environments · 2019Article
- Article
- A Three-Year Follow-Up Study of Antibiotic and Metal Residues, Antibiotic Resistance and Resistance Genes, Focusing on Kshipra-A River Associated with Holy Religious Mass-Bathing in India: Protocol Paper.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2017Article
- Editorial: Antibiotic Resistance in Aquatic Systems.Frontiers in microbiology · 2017Article
- Persistence of Multi-Drug Resistance Plasmids in Sterile Water under Very Low Concentrations of Tetracycline.Microbes and environments · 2015Article
- Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance.Frontiers in microbiology · 2015Article
- Environmental dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes and correlation to anthropogenic contamination with antibiotics.Infection ecology & epidemiology · 2015Article
- Sulfonamide and tetracycline resistance genes in total- and culturable-bacterial assemblages in South African aquatic environments.Frontiers in microbiology · 2015Article
- Sulfonamide-resistant bacteria and their resistance genes in soils fertilized with manures from Jiangsu Province, Southeastern China.PloS one · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Recent evidence has shown that antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are ubiquitous in natural environments, including sites considered pristine. To understand the origin of ARGs and their dynamics, we must first define their actual presence in the natural bacterial assemblage. Here we found varying distribution profiles of sul genes in "colony forming bacterial assemblages" and "natural bacterial assemblages." Our monitoring for antibiotic contamination revealed that sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is a major contaminant in aquatic environments of Metro-Manila, which would have been derived from human and animal use, and subsequently decreased through the process of outflow from source to the sea. The SMX-resistant bacterial rate evaluated by the colony forming unit showed 10 to 86% of the total colony numbers showed higher rates from freshwater sites compared to marine sites. When sul genes were quantified by qPCR, colony-forming bacteria conveyed sul1 and sul2 genes in freshwater and seawater (10(-5)-10(-2) copy/16S) but not sul3. Among the natural bacterial assemblage, all sul1, sul2, and sul3 were detected (10(-5)-10(-3) copy/16S), whereas all sul genes were at an almost non-detectable level in the freshwater assemblage. This study suggests that sul1 and sul2 are main sul genes in culturable bacteria, whereas sul3 is conveyed by non-culturable bacteria in the sea. As a result marine bacteria possess sul1, sul2 and sul3 genes in the marine environment.
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