Evidence map›Paper›PMID 23636946›Full record

ArticleGenome research2013

Social insect genomes exhibit dramatic evolution in gene composition and regulation while preserving regulatory features linked to sociality.

Daniel F Simola, Lothar Wissler, Greg Donahue, Robert M Waterhouse, Martin Helmkampf, Julien Roux, Sanne Nygaard, Karl M Glastad, Darren E Hagen, Lumi Viljakainen and 28 more

Open access · bronzeAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Genome research, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 122 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
122citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

122 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 260 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Genome Evolution in Social Insects.Genome biology and evolution · 2026
    Review
  4. Review
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. The genetic foundations of convergent traits.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2026
    Review
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Review
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Epigenetic Mechanisms inCurrent issues in molecular biology · 2025
    Review
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Review
  20. Article

62 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

38 authors at 15 institutions in 5 countries.

Daniel F SimolaDepartment of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
Lothar Wissler
Greg Donahue
Robert M Waterhouse
Martin Helmkampf
Julien Roux
Sanne Nygaard
Karl M Glastad
Darren E Hagen
Lumi Viljakainen
Justin T Reese
Brendan G Hunt
Dan Graur
Eran Elhaik
Evgenia V Kriventseva
Jiayu Wen
Brian J Parker
Elizabeth Cash
Eyal Privman
Christopher P Childers
Monica C Muñoz-Torres
Jacobus J Boomsma
Erich Bornberg-Bauer
Cameron R Currie
Christine G Elsik
Garret Suen
Michael A D Goodisman
Laurent Keller
Jürgen Liebig
Alan Rawls
Danny Reinberg
Chris D Smith
Chris R Smith
Neil Tsutsui
Yannick Wurm
Evgeny M Zdobnov
Shelley L Berger
Jürgen Gadau
Arizona State University · USGeorgetown University · USUniversity of Copenhagen · DKUniversity of Lausanne · CHGeorgia Institute of Technology · USUniversity of Geneva · CHUniversity of Pennsylvania · USEarlham College · USUniversity of Münster · DEUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison · USHoward Hughes Medical Institute · USJohns Hopkins University · USUniversity of California, Berkeley · USUniversity of Houston · USUniversity of Oulu · FI

Funding

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA CAN CTR SUPPORT GRANTP30CA016520 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI SHELLEY L BERGER · 1985 to 2026
$222.3M
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council BB/K004204/1Howard Hughes Medical Institute 2009005NCI NIH HHS P30 CA016520
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Genomes of eusocial insects code for dramatic examples of phenotypic plasticity and social organization. We compared the genomes of seven ants, the honeybee, and various solitary insects to examine whether eusocial lineages share distinct features of genomic organization. Each ant lineage contains ∼4000 novel genes, but only 64 of these genes are conserved among all seven ants. Many gene families have been expanded in ants, notably those involved in chemical communication (e.g., desaturases and odorant receptors). Alignment of the ant genomes revealed reduced purifying selection compared with Drosophila without significantly reduced synteny. Correspondingly, ant genomes exhibit dramatic divergence of noncoding regulatory elements; however, extant conserved regions are enriched for novel noncoding RNAs and transcription factor-binding sites. Comparison of orthologous gene promoters between eusocial and solitary species revealed significant regulatory evolution in both cis (e.g., Creb) and trans (e.g., fork head) for nearly 2000 genes, many of which exhibit phenotypic plasticity. Our results emphasize that genomic changes can occur remarkably fast in ants, because two recently diverged leaf-cutter ant species exhibit faster accumulation of species-specific genes and greater divergence in regulatory elements compared with other ants or Drosophila. Thus, while the "socio-genomes" of ants and the honeybee are broadly characterized by a pervasive pattern of divergence in gene composition and regulation, they preserve lineage-specific regulatory features linked to eusociality. We propose that changes in gene regulation played a key role in the origins of insect eusociality, whereas changes in gene composition were more relevant for lineage-specific eusocial adaptations.

Indexed as

Genome, InsectAnimalsAntsBehavior, AnimalBinding SitesConserved SequenceDNA MethylationEvolution, MolecularGene Expression RegulationHymenopteraInsect ProteinsMicroRNAsModels, GeneticPhylogenyRegulatory Sequences, Nucleic AcidSequence Analysis, DNAInsect ProteinsMicroRNAsTranscription Factors

Identifiers

PMID23636946
PMCPMC3730098
OpenAlexW2100176256

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.