Trial reportPsychopharmacology2013
Cigarette craving and withdrawal symptoms during temporary abstinence and the effect of nicotine gum.
Trial report in Psychopharmacology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- The impacts of actual and perceived nicotine administration on insula functional connectivity with the anterior cingulate cortex and nucleus accumbens.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2019Trial
- Exploring the nature and relationship of tobacco cigarette craving and withdrawal.Journal of psychopathology and clinical science · 2026Article
- Cigarette smoking is associated with reduced neuroinflammation and better cognitive control in people living with HIV.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2025Article
- The 2022 Ferno Award Address: CrEATE, an Efficient Crossover Evaluation of Addiction Treatment Efficacy.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2023Article
- Practice Quit Attempts: Scoping Review of a Novel Intervention Strategy.Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs · 2022Article
- Extraction of Nicotine from Tobacco Leaves and Development of Fast Dissolving Nicotine Extract Film.Membranes · 2021Article
- Article
- Exploring the role of the Ser9Gly (rs6280) Dopamine D3 receptor polymorphism in nicotine reinforcement and cue-elicited craving.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Article
- Evaluation of Clay-Functionalized Wafers and Films for Nicotine Replacement Therapy via Buccal Mucosa.Pharmaceutics · 2019Article
- The effects of cannabidiol on impulsivity and memory during abstinence in cigarette dependent smokers.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Cue-induced nicotine-seeking behavior after withdrawal with or without extinction in rats.Addiction biology · 2018Article
- Nicotinic receptor blockade decreases fos immunoreactivity within orexin/hypocretin-expressing neurons of nicotine-exposed rats.Behavioural brain research · 2016Article
- Relationship between negative affect and smoking topography in heavy drinking smokers.Addictive behaviors · 2016Article
- Cigarette craving is associated with blunted reward processing in nicotine-dependent smokers.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2015Article
- Modeling naturalistic craving, withdrawal, and affect during early nicotine abstinence: A pilot ecological momentary assessment study.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2015Article
- Involvement of neuronal β2 subunit-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in nicotine reward and withdrawal: implications for pharmacotherapies.Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics · 2014Review
- Clinical significance of early smoking withdrawal effects and their relationships with nicotine metabolism: preliminary results from a pilot study.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2014Article
- An efficient early phase 2 procedure to screen medications for efficacy in smoking cessation.Psychopharmacology · 2014Review
- Time dependency of craving and response inhibition during nicotine abstinence.Addiction research & theoryArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
rationaleIt is widely believed that nicotine withdrawal symptoms appear within a few hours of stopping smoking, but few data exist documenting their emergence in naturalistic settings. In several countries, nicotine replacement products are licensed for relief of withdrawal symptoms during temporary abstinence, but again, there are no data supporting this from naturalistic settings.
objectivesTo examine the emergence of cigarette craving and withdrawal symptoms during temporary abstinence in a naturalistic setting while using either nicotine or placebo gum.
methodsDouble-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study in which 132 dependent smokers abstained for 6 h with the assistance of either nicotine (2 mg, n = 42 or 4 mg, n = 24) or placebo (n = 66) gum while travelling on a non-smoking train. Outcome measures were ratings of craving and mood withdrawal symptoms prior to treatment and at regular intervals during abstinence.
resultsIn a multivariate analysis of all symptoms, there was no interaction between treatment and time [F(21,110) = 1.28, p = 0.20, η²(p)= 0.20] nor an effect of treatment [F(7,124) = 0.45, p = 0.87, η²(p)= 0.03]. There was an effect of time [F(21,110) = 11.59, p < 0.001, η²(p)= 0.69) and univariate analyses revealed that the majority of symptoms increased linearly throughout the period of abstinence with detectable onsets typically between the first 60 and 180 min of abstinence.
conclusionsSmokers who temporarily abstain in naturalistic settings experience craving and withdrawal symptoms that emerge linearly over the first 6 h of abstinence. Changes in craving and several mood withdrawal symptoms can be detected within the first 3 h. Nicotine gum may not have an acute effect on the development of these symptoms.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.