SynthesisThe American journal of clinical nutrition2013
Genome-wide meta-analysis of observational studies shows common genetic variants associated with macronutrient intake.
Synthesis in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 7 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 132 papers, 11 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Framingham Heart Study
Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC)
The Cardiovascular Health Study
Family Heart Study (FHS)
Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)
Genetic and Environmental Determinants of Triglycerides (GOLDN)
The InChianti Follow-Up Study
Who cites it
132 citing papers in PubMed, 11 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 221 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dietary Carbohydrate and Diverse Health Outcomes: Umbrella Review of 30 Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of 281 Observational Studies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2021Pooled it
- Genome-wide meta-analysis of macronutrient intake of 91,114 European ancestry participants from the cohorts for heart and aging research in genomic epidemiology consortium.Molecular psychiatry · 2019Pooled it
- New alcohol-related genes suggest shared genetic mechanisms with neuropsychiatric disorders.Nature human behaviour · 2019Pooled it
- New insight into human sweet taste: a genome-wide association study of the perception and intake of sweet substances.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2019Pooled it
- Genetic Background of Taste Perception, Taste Preferences, and Its Nutritional Implications: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in genetics · 2019Pooled it
- Associations between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Total Energy, Carbohydrate, and Fat Intakes: A Systematic Review.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2018Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Ranking and characterization of established BMI and lipid associated loci as candidates for gene-environment interactions.PLoS genetics · 2017Pooled it
- Genome-wide association meta-analysis of fish and EPA+DHA consumption in 17 US and European cohorts.PloS one · 2017Pooled it
- A Genome-Wide Association Study in isolated populations reveals new genes associated to common food likings.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2016Pooled it
- Novel locus including FGF21 is associated with dietary macronutrient intake.Human molecular genetics · 2013Pooled it
- Meal sugar-protein balance determines postprandial FGF21 response in humans.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Antibody-mediated activation of the FGFR1/Klothoβ complex corrects metabolic dysfunction and alters food preference in obese humans.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2020Trial
- Interactions between macro-nutrients' intake, FTO and IRX3 gene expression, and FTO genotype in obese and overweight male adolescents.Adipocyte · 2019Trial
- The Hormone FGF21 Stimulates Water Drinking in Response to Ketogenic Diet and Alcohol.Cell metabolism · 2018Trial
- Dietary Fat Modifies the Effects of FTO Genotype on Changes in Insulin Sensitivity.The Journal of nutrition · 2015Trial
- Macronutrient mixtures and interactions in health and disease.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2026Review
- Genetic Variants Influencing Taste Perception and Food Preferences: Current Evidence.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Interaction between polygenic scores and dietary intake in relation to BMI in Canadian children.Journal of nutritional science · 2026Article
72 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
67 authors at 20 institutions in 7 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMacronutrient intake varies substantially between individuals, and there is evidence that this variation is partly accounted for by genetic variants.
objectiveThe objective of the study was to identify common genetic variants that are associated with macronutrient intake.
designWe performed 2-stage genome-wide association (GWA) meta-analysis of macronutrient intake in populations of European descent. Macronutrients were assessed by using food-frequency questionnaires and analyzed as percentages of total energy consumption from total fat, protein, and carbohydrate. From the discovery GWA (n = 38,360), 35 independent loci associated with macronutrient intake at P < 5 × 10(-6) were identified and taken forward to replication in 3 additional cohorts (n = 33,533) from the DietGen Consortium. For one locus, fat mass obesity-associated protein (FTO), cohorts with Illumina MetaboChip genotype data (n = 7724) provided additional replication data.
resultsA variant in the chromosome 19 locus (rs838145) was associated with higher carbohydrate (β ± SE: 0.25 ± 0.04%; P = 1.68 × 10(-8)) and lower fat (β ± SE: -0.21 ± 0.04%; P = 1.57 × 10(-9)) consumption. A candidate gene in this region, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), encodes a fibroblast growth factor involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. The variants in this locus were associated with circulating FGF21 protein concentrations (P < 0.05) but not mRNA concentrations in blood or brain. The body mass index (BMI)-increasing allele of the FTO variant (rs1421085) was associated with higher protein intake (β ± SE: 0.10 ± 0.02%; P = 9.96 × 10(-10)), independent of BMI (after adjustment for BMI, β ± SE: 0.08 ± 0.02%; P = 3.15 × 10(-7)).
conclusionOur results indicate that variants in genes involved in nutrient metabolism and obesity are associated with macronutrient consumption in humans. Trials related to this study were registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00005131 (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities), NCT00005133 (Cardiovascular Health Study), NCT00005136 (Family Heart Study), NCT00005121 (Framingham Heart Study), NCT00083369 (Genetic and Environmental Determinants of Triglycerides), NCT01331512 (InCHIANTI Study), and NCT00005487 (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis).
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.