ReviewBMC medicine2013
Immunity, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
Review in BMC medicine, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06935279 (Bacteria in Atherosclerotic Plaques and Adverse Events), which is not on this map. Cited by 546 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Bacteria in Atherosclerotic Plaques and Adverse Events
Who cites it
546 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,035 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pharmacological and Genetic Targeting of Inflammatory Chemokine Receptors CCR1, CCR2, and CCR5 in Atherosclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Preclinical Studies.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Pooled it
- Tongxinluo for the Secondary Prevention of Atherosclerotic Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.Brain and behavior · 2026Pooled it
- Colchicine for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- A bibliometric analysis of immunotherapy for atherosclerosis: trends and hotspots prediction.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Pooled it
- Long-term effects of different hypoglycemic drugs on carotid intima-media thickness progression: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Pooled it
- Effect of a polyphenol-rich pomegranate extract on plasma trimethylamine N-oxide levels following an oral carnitine challenge: a randomized controlled crossover trial in healthy adults.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Trial
- What motivates participants: a qualitative analysis of gamification and financial incentives to increase physical activity.BMC public health · 2025Trial
- Altered Inflammatory Protein Release by Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in 3D-Culture.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Association between lipid comprehensive index and carotid atherosclerosis: evidence from a large-scale ultrasound screening program.Internal and emergency medicine · 2026Article
- Association Between Serum Atherogenic Index and Cardiovascular Disease in Early Adulthood: A Cohort Study.JACC. Asia · 2026Article
- Deficiency of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in kidney epithelial cells does not influence the development of atherosclerosis.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Clinical Feasibility of Six Inflammatory Markers for Predicting the Mortality of Patients With Cancer: Longitudinal Study.JMIR cancer · 2026Article
- Synergistic effect of AIP and cystatin C: a study on cardiovascular risk prediction in populations with different glycemic statuses.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2026Article
- Identifying risk individuals for heart failure diagnosis within two years in the adult population in southern Sweden using gender, age, multimorbidity level, and socioeconomic status.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Article
- Mask R-CNN-based carotid plaque localization in ultrasound images.Journal of medical imaging (Bellingham, Wash.) · 2026Article
- Association between comorbidities and major adverse cardiovascular events in patients undergoing immune checkpoint blockade.BMC cancer · 2026Article
- The association of nontraditional lipid parameters with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: A national cohort study.Medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Enhanced Anti-Atherogenic Effects of Epicatechin and Hydroxytyrosol in THP-1 Macrophages: An Integrated In Silico and In Vitro Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
486 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the major cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD), is a chronic inflammatory condition with immune competent cells in lesions producing mainly pro-inflammatory cytokines. Dead cells and oxidized forms of low density lipoproteins (oxLDL) are abundant. The major direct cause of CVD appears to be rupture of atherosclerotic plaques. oxLDL has proinflammatory and immune-stimulatory properties, causes cell death at higher concentrations and contains inflammatory phospholipids with phosphorylcholine (PC) as an interesting epitope. Antibodies against PC (anti-PC) may be atheroprotective, one mechanism being anti-inflammatory. Bacteria and virus have been discussed, but it has been difficult to find direct evidence, and antibiotic trials have not been successful. Heat shock proteins could be one major target for atherogenic immune reactions. More direct causes of plaque rupture include pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and lipid mediators. To prove that inflammation is a cause of atherosclerosis and CVD, clinical studies with anti-inflammatory and/or immune-modulatory treatment are needed. The potential causes of immune reactions and inflammation in atherosclerosis and how inflammation can be targeted therapeutically to provide novel treatments for CVD are reviewed.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.