ArticleCancer medicine2013
GM-CSF enhances tumor invasion by elevated MMP-2, -9, and -26 expression.
Article in Cancer medicine, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 95 citations in OpenAlex.
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- G-CSF promotes H3K27ac-modified KLF5 to activate CXCR4 expression and drive colon cancer growth and metastasis.European journal of medical research · 2026Article
- Matrix Dynamics and Microbiome Crosstalk: Matrix Metalloproteinases as Key Players in Disease and Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Extracellular matrix dysregulation in aging, calcification, and cancer diseases: insights into cellular senescence, inflammation, and novel therapeutic strategies.International journal of biological sciences · 2025Review
- Effect of colony‑stimulating factor in the mechanism of bone metastasis development (Review).Oncology reports · 2024Review
- Epigenetic and transcriptional regulation of CCL17 production by glucocorticoids in arthritis.iScience · 2023Article
- Long non coding RNAs reveal important pathways in childhood asthma: a future perspective.Journal of molecular histology · 2023Review
- Development of Matrix Metalloproteinases-Mediated Extracellular Matrix Remodeling in Regenerative Medicine: A Mini Review.Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine · 2023Review
- Insight into the Prospects for Tumor Therapy Based on Photodynamic Immunotherapy.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- The immunomodulatory role of matrix metalloproteinases in colitis-associated cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Matrix Metalloproteinases Shape the Tumor Microenvironment in Cancer Progression.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Systemic Interleukins' Profile in Early and Advanced Colorectal Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Homophilic Interaction of CD147 Promotes IL-6-Mediated Cholangiocarcinoma Invasion via the NF-κB-Dependent Pathway.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Step-by-Step Immune Activation for Suicide Gene Therapy Reinforcement.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- A Genome-Wide Profiling of Glioma Patients with an IDH1 Mutation Using the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer Database.Cancers · 2021Article
- Mutant KRAS triggers functional reprogramming of tumor-associated macrophages in colorectal cancer.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2021Article
- Curcumin inhibits the growth of liver cancer by impairing myeloid-derived suppressor cells in murine tumor tissues.Oncology letters · 2021Article
- The Role of Tumor Inflammatory Microenvironment in Lung Cancer.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2021Review
- Vimentin plays an important role in the promotion of breast cancer cell migration and invasion by leucine aminopeptidase 3.Cytotechnology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) promotes tumor progression in different tumor models in an autocrine and paracrine manner. However, at the same time GM-CSF is used in cancer therapies to ameliorate neutropenia. We have previously shown in GM-CSF and G-CSF expressing or negative skin or head and neck squamous cell carcinoma that GM-CSF expression is associated with a highly angiogenic and invasive tumor phenotype. To determine the functional contribution of GM-CSF to tumor invasion, we stably transfected a GM-CSF negative colon adenocarcinoma cell line HT-29 with GM-CSF or treated the same cell line with exogenous GM-CSF. While GM-CSF overexpression and treatment reduced tumor cell proliferation and tumor growth in vitro and in vivo, respectively, it contributed to tumor progression. Together with an enhanced migratory capacity in vitro, we observed a striking increase in tumor cell invasion into the surrounding tissue concomitant with the induction of an activated tumor stroma in GM-CSF overexpressing or GM-CSF treated tumors. In a complex 3D in vitro model, enhanced GM-CSF expression was associated with a discontinued basement membrane deposition that might be mediated by the increased expression and activation of MMP-2, -9, and -26. Treatment with GM-CSF blocking antibodies reversed this effect. The increased presence and activity of these tumor cell derived proteases was confirmed in vivo. Here, expression of MMP-26 protein was predominantly located in pre- and early-invasive areas suggesting MMP-26 expression as an early event in promoting GM-CSF dependent tumor invasion.
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