ArticleBMC biology2013
Spatial and temporal in vivo analysis of circulating and sessile immune cells in mosquitoes: hemocyte mitosis following infection.
Article in BMC biology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 84 papers.
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84 citing papers in PubMed, 177 citations in OpenAlex.
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- The Extracellular Matrix Proteins Pericardin and Lonely Heart Modulate the Directionality of Heart Contractions in Infected Mosquitoes.Archives of insect biochemistry and physiology · 2026Article
- Multiple evolutionary routes to immune diversification across animals.International immunology · 2026Review
- Alternative High-Quality Hemolymph Extraction from AdultInsects · 2026Article
- Recent insights in the development and functions of insect hemocytes.Current opinion in insect science · 2026Review
- Galleria mellonella as a novel invertebrate model for studying Ehrlichia ruminantium pathogenesis and host-pathogen interactions.FEMS microbiology letters · 2026Article
- Blood feeding, microbiota, and layered mosquito immunity: from pathway phenotypes to vector competence.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Characterization of Anopheles gambiae immune cells through genetic and functional immunophenotyping.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Phagocytic hemocytes, independent of pericardial cells, modulate cellular immune responses on the dorsal vessel of mosquitoes, including the infection-induced reduction of the heart rate.Cell and tissue research · 2025Article
- Article
- Single-cell transcriptional landscapes of Aedes aegypti midgut and fat body after a bloodmeal.Cell genomics · 2025Article
- Mosquito immune cells enhance dengue and Zika virus infection in Aedes aegypti.Nature communications · 2025Article
- TNF signaling mediates cellular immune function and promotes malaria parasite killing in the mosquito Anopheles gambiae.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Protocol to chemically deplete phagocytic hemocytes in Anopheles gambiae using clodronate liposomes.STAR protocols · 2025Article
- Influence of blood feeding and infection on arthropod hemocytes.Current opinion in insect science · 2025Review
- Baculoviruses remodel the cytoskeleton of insect hemocytes to breach the host basal lamina.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Pathogen and Hemocyte Dynamics in Three Apiaries Across a Bee Season.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2025Article
- Exploring new dimensions of immune cell biology inbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Warmer environmental temperature accelerates aging in mosquitoes, decreasing longevity and worsening infection outcomes.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2024Article
- Distinct developmental patterns in Anopheles stephensi organ systems.Developmental biology · 2024Article
24 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMosquitoes respond to infection by mounting immune responses. The primary regulators of these immune responses are cells called hemocytes, which kill pathogens via phagocytosis and via the production of soluble antimicrobial factors. Mosquito hemocytes are circulated throughout the hemocoel (body cavity) by the swift flow of hemolymph (blood), and data show that some hemocytes also exist as sessile cells that are attached to tissues. The purpose of this study was to create a quantitative physical map of hemocyte distribution in the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, and to describe the cellular immune response in an organismal context.
resultsUsing correlative imaging methods we found that the number of hemocytes in a mosquito decreases with age, but that regardless of age, approximately 75% of the hemocytes occur in circulation and 25% occur as sessile cells. Infection induces an increase in the number of hemocytes, and tubulin and nuclear staining showed that this increase is primarily due to mitosis and, more specifically, autonomous cell division, by circulating granulocytes. The majority of sessile hemocytes are present on the abdominal wall, although significant numbers of hemocytes are also present in the thorax, head, and several of the appendages. Within the abdominal wall, the areas of highest hemocyte density are the periostial regions (regions surrounding the valves of the heart, or ostia), which are ideal locations for pathogen capture as these are areas of high hemolymph flow.
conclusionsThese data describe the spatial and temporal distribution of mosquito hemocytes, and map the cellular response to infection throughout the hemocoel.
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