ReviewJournal of leukocyte biology2013
At the bench: preclinical rationale for CTLA-4 and PD-1 blockade as cancer immunotherapy.
Review in Journal of leukocyte biology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 192 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The CONFRONT Phase I - II Trial: ACtivatiON oF Immune RespONse in paTients With R-M Head and Neck Cancer. Multimodality Immunotherapy With Avelumab, Short Course Radiotherapy and Cyclophosphamide in Head and Neck Cancer.
Relationship Between Histopathological Features, Mutation Status, 18F-FDG PET/CT Radiomic Imaging Parameters as Well as Clinical Outcome in Patients With Treatment-naïve Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
Who cites it
192 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 376 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical Application of Oncolytic Viruses: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Pooled it
- Risk of pneumonitis in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a meta-analysis.Therapeutic advances in respiratory disease · 2016Pooled it
- Analysis of expression of the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint system and its prognostic impact in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.Scientific reports · 2018Trial
- Machine learning-based integration develops a novel lysosome-related prognostic signature associated with prognosis and immune infiltration landscape in acute myeloid leukemia.Discover oncology · 2026Article
- Nivolumab and ipilimumab combination therapy for melanoma efficacy, safety and clinical integration in metastatic and adjuvant settings.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- TIGIT Blockade Potentiates the Anti-Leukemic Activity of Exercise-Mobilized Donor Lymphocytes and Expanded γδ T-Cells.Cancers · 2026Article
- Targeted STING Activation Using Modified Ultrasound-Responsive Microbubbles Enhances Immune Checkpoint Blockade Against Melanoma.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Targeting Aging Hallmarks with Monoclonal Antibodies: A New Era in Cancer Immunotherapy and Geriatric Medicine.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Review
- From Bench to Bladder: The Rise in Immune Checkpoint Inhibition in the Treatment of Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer.Cancers · 2025Review
- Review
- Intratumoral Heterogeneity and Immune Microenvironment in Hepatoblastoma Revealed by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2025Article
- Mechanisms of Resistance to Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy in Melanoma and Strategies to Overcome It.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Recombinant CD80 fusion protein combined with discoidin domain receptor 1 inhibitor for cancer treatment.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2025Article
- A case of complete response to radiotherapy combined with durvalumab and tremelimumab in a patient with unknown primary hepatocellular carcinoma arising in the lumbar spine.Clinical journal of gastroenterology · 2025Article
- Non-coding RNAs as potential mediators of resistance to lung cancer immunotherapy and chemotherapy.Oncology research · 2025Review
- Combination of PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors in the treatment of cancer - a brief update.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Immune checkpoints in immune response to glioma: two sides of the same coin.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Review
- Janus kinase inhibitor overcomes resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment in peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer in C57BL/6 J mice.Gastric cancer : official journal of the International Gastric Cancer Association and the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association · 2024Article
132 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Tumors can avoid immune surveillance by stimulating immune inhibitory receptors that function to turn off established immune responses. By blocking the ability of tumors to stimulate inhibitory receptors on T cells, sustained, anti-tumor immune responses can be generated in animals. Thus, therapeutic blockade of immune inhibitory checkpoints provides a potential method to boost anti-tumor immunity. The CTLA-4 and PD-1Rs represent two T cell-inhibitory receptors with independent mechanisms of action. Preclinical investigations revealed that CTLA-4 enforces an activation threshold and attenuates proliferation of tumor-specific T lymphocytes. In contrast, PD-1 functions primarily as a stop signal that limits T cell effector function within a tumor. The unique mechanisms and sites of action of CTLA-4 and PD-1 suggest that although blockade of either has the potential to promote anti-tumor immune responses, combined blockade of both might offer even more potent anti-tumor activity. See related review At the Bedside: CTLA-4 and PD-1 blocking antibodies in cancer immunotherapy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.