ReviewCurrent allergy and asthma reports2013
Use of cyclosporine A and tacrolimus in treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis.
Review in Current allergy and asthma reports, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 79 citations in OpenAlex.
- Applications of topical immunomodulators enhance clinical signs of vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) and atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC): a meta-analysis.International ophthalmology · 2024Pooled it
- Systemic interventions for severe atopic and vernal keratoconjunctivitis in children and young people up to the age of 16 years.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Exploration of efficacy and mechanism of 0.05% cyclosporine eye drops (II) monotherapy in allergic conjunctivitis-associated dry eye.Eye (London, England) · 2024Trial
- Pediatric Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC): Current State and Future Directions-A Narrative Review of Clinical Features, Diagnostic Strategies, and Emerging Therapies.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Clinical applications of tacrolimus in the treatment of ocular diseases: a narrative literature review.International ophthalmology · 2025Review
- A Case of Refractory Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis Showing Improvement after the Administration of Upadacitinib for the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Research progress of ophthalmic preparations of immunosuppressants.Drug delivery · 2023Review
- Nonlinear effects of humidex on risk of outpatient visit for allergic conjunctivitis among children and adolescents in Shanghai, China: A time series analysis.Journal of global health · 2023Article
- Article
- Efficacy and Safety of 0.1% Cyclosporine versus 2% Cyclosporine in the Treatment of Severe Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis in Children.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2022Article
- Long Term Outcomes of Surgical Excision of Giant Papillae with Mitomycin C and Amniotic Membrane Transplantation in the Treatment of Refractory Palpebral Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2021Article
- Immunopharmacology in Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis: Current and Future Perspectives.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Is Interferon α-2b 1 MillionIU/mL Truly Better Than Tacrolimus 0.03% for Steroid-Resistant VKC ?: Our 2-Year Experience at a Tertiary Health-Care Centre.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2021Article
- Combination of 0.05% Azelastine and 0.1% Tacrolimus Eye Drops in Children With Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis: A Prospective Study.Frontiers in medicine · 2021Article
- Giant Papilla Prolapse from the Upper Tarsal Conjunctiva in a 3-year-old Child: A Case Presentation and a Brief Literature Review.Beyoglu eye journal · 2021Article
- Article
- Preliminary IClinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2020Article
- Clinical efficacy assessment in severe vernal keratoconjunctivitis: preliminary validation of a new penalties-adjusted corneal fluorescein staining score.Journal of market access & health policy · 2020Article
- Tacrolimus Loaded PEG-Cholecalciferol Based Micelles for Treatment of Ocular Inflammation.Pharmaceutical research · 2018Article
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Serological and Lacrimal Signaling in Patients Affected by Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC).Journal of ophthalmology · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Vernal keratoconjunctivitis is a sight-threatening inflammatory disease of conjunctiva and cornea. It is frequently observed in young children with the onset usually occurring in the first decade of life. Mild cases of VKC tend to remit with nonspecific and supportive therapy. In contrast, severe cases are usually more protracted with remission/relapse occurring for a prolonged period of time. Although VKC is classified as an allergic eye condition, the role of allergens as an inciting factor is not clear. Pathogenesis of VKC involves roles for IgE, cytokines, chemokines, and inflammatory cells (T and B lymphocytes, mast cells, basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils) with the release of their granular proteins, proliferation of fibroblasts, and laying down exuberant amounts of collagen fibers in the conjunctival tissue. In severe VKC cases-often of tarsal VKC-diagnostic giant papilla are classically observed on the upper tarsal plate, giving the classic 'cobble-stone' appearance. Corneal ulcer can occur from the effect of eosinophilic granular proteins on corneal epithelium and by physical trauma by intense eye rubbing. Topical corticosteroids, often required for controlling symptoms and signs in severe VKC, can lead to serious ocular complications. Immunomodulators that have been investigated for VKC treatment include topical ocular preparations of cyclosporine A and tacrolimus. Severe VKC responds promptly to topical cyclosporine A and tacrolimus, mostly within 1 month of therapy. Prolonged use of cyclosporine A and tacrolimus in VKC is safe and is tolerated by most patients without significant side effects. Recent investigations on the use of these two agents in VKC are the main purpose of this review. The use of cyclosporine A and tacrolimus are a major breakthrough in treatment for severe VKC, a debilitating allergic eye disease in children.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.