ArticleNeurochemistry international2013
Microglia are the major source of TNF-α and TGF-β1 in postnatal glial cultures; regulation by cytokines, lipopolysaccharide, and vitronectin.
Article in Neurochemistry international, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 115 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
115 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 168 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pathogenomic Signature and Aberrant Neurogenic Events in Experimental Cerebral Ischemic Stroke: A Neurotranscriptomic-Based Implication for Dementia.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2023Pooled it
- Assessment of the Levels of Level of Biomarkers of Bone Matrix Glycoproteins and Inflammatory Cytokines from Saudi Parkinson Patients.BioMed research international · 2019Trial
- Human neutrophilic cells express anti-inflammatory EBI3 in response to Neisseria meningitidis.Journal of neuroimmunology · 2026Article
- TNF-α induces type I IFN signalling to suppress neurogenesis and recruit T cells.Nature communications · 2026Article
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- Neuroinflammation-induced downregulation of RAB7 in murine astrocytes disrupts endo-lysosomal homeostasis and induces astrogliosis.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
- Neuroprotective Potential ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Estrogen receptor 1 activation suppresses microglia-derived Tnf-α signaling as a photoreceptor self-protection mechanism.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Reactive astrocyte-derived neurotoxicity is mitigated by vitronectin in traumatic brain injury mouse model.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2025Article
- Assessing Peripheral Blood Biomarkers and Predictive Patterns in Multiple Sclerosis Using Cytokines and Immune Gene Expression Profiles in Ocrelizumab-Treated Patients: Tracking Tumor Necrosis Factor.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Thermo-Magnetic Induction of Pro-Inflammatory Microglia: A Lipid-Based Nanovector Strategy for Glioblastoma Immunotherapy.ACS applied materials & interfaces · 2025Article
- Role of transforming growth factorβ in neurovascular unit during cerebral small vessel disease.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2025Review
- Active Cryptococcus neoformans glucuronoxylomannan production prevents elimination of cryptococcal CNS infection in vivo.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Microglial cell proliferation is regulated, in part, by reactive astrocyte ETBExperimental neurology · 2025Article
- RIP1 inhibition protects retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma models of ocular injury.Cell death and differentiation · 2025Article
- Special Issue: Recent Advances in Microglia Research.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- The Biological Changes of Synaptic Plasticity in the Pathological Process of Sepsis-associated Encephalopathy.Current neuropharmacology · 2025Review
- The role of microglia in multiple sclerosis: implications for treatment with Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Activation of glial cells induces proinflammatory properties in brain capillary endothelial cells in vitro.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Central IRF4/5 Signaling Are Critical for Microglial Activation and Impact on Stroke Outcomes.Translational stroke research · 2024Article
55 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Damage to the central nervous system (CNS) leads to increased production of TNF-α and TGF-β1 cytokines that have pro- or anti-inflammatory actions, respectively. To define whether astrocytes or microglia express these cytokines, prior studies have used mixed glial cultures (MGC) to represent astrocytes, thought these results are inevitably complicated by the presence of contaminating microglia within MGC. To clarify the cellular source of these cytokines, here we employed a recently described method of preparing microglia-free astrocyte cultures, in which neural stem cells (NSC) are differentiated into astrocytes. Using ELISA to quantify cytokine production in three types of glial culture: MGC, pure microglia or pure astrocytes, this showed that microglia but not astrocytes, produce TNF-α, and that this expression is increased by LPS, IFN-γ, and to a lesser extent by vitronectin, but decreased by TGF-β1. In contrast, TGF-β1 was produced by microglia and astrocytes, though at 10-fold higher levels by microglia. TGF-β1 expression in microglia was increased by vitronectin and to a lesser extent by TNF-α and LPS, but astrocyte TGF-β1 expression was not regulated by any factor tested. In summary, our data reveal that microglia, not astrocytes are the major source of TNF-α and TGF-β1 in postnatal glial cultures, and that microglial production of these antagonistic cytokines is tightly regulated by cytokines, LPS, and vitronectin.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.