ArticleCornea2013
Topical drug formulations for prolonged corneal anesthesia.
Article in Cornea, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tetrodotoxin Delivery Pen Safely Uses Potent Natural Neurotoxin to Manage Severe Cutaneous Pain.Advanced healthcare materials · 2025Article
- Prolonged Retrobulbar Local Anesthesia of the Cornea Does Not Cause Keratopathy in Mice.Translational vision science & technology · 2022Article
- Effects of topical application of tramadol with/without dexmedetomidine and proparacaine on corneal sensitivity in rats.International ophthalmology · 2021Article
- Neuronal delivery of nanoparticles via nerve fibres in the skin.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Deep topical anesthesia with ropivacaine-soaked sponge for phacoemulsification.International ophthalmology · 2019Article
- Prolonged Duration Topical Corneal Anesthesia With the Cationic Lidocaine Derivative QX-314.Translational vision science & technology · 2019Article
- Transtympanic Delivery of Local Anesthetics for Pain in Acute Otitis Media.Molecular pharmaceutics · 2019Article
- Long-acting liposomal corneal anesthetics.Biomaterials · 2018Article
- Ciprofloxacin-lidocaine-based hydrogel: development, characterization, and in vivo evaluation in a second-degree burn model.Drug delivery and translational research · 2018Article
- Addressing the Issue of Tetrodotoxin Targeting.Marine drugs · 2018Review
- Getting Drugs Across Biological Barriers.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2017Review
- Corneal Anesthesia With Site 1 Sodium Channel Blockers and Dexmedetomidine.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2015Article
- Topical anesthesia.Journal of anaesthesiology, clinical pharmacologyReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
purposeOcular local anesthetics currently used in routine clinical practice for corneal anesthesia are short acting and their ability to delay corneal healing makes them unsuitable for long-term use. In this study, we examined the effect of the site 1 sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX) on the duration of corneal anesthesia, applied with either proparacaine (PPC) or the chemical permeation enhancer octyl-trimethyl ammonium bromide (OTAB). The effect of test solutions on corneal healing was also studied.
methodsSolutions of TTX, PPC, and OTAB, singly or in combination, were applied topically to the rat cornea. The blink response, an indirect measure of corneal sensitivity, was recorded using a Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer, and the duration of corneal anesthesia was calculated. The effect of test compounds on the rate of corneal epithelialization was studied in vivo after corneal debridement.
resultsCombination of TTX and PPC resulted in corneal anesthesia that was 8 to 10 times longer in duration than that from either drug administered alone, whereas OTAB did not prolong anesthesia. The rate of corneal healing was moderately delayed after coadministration of TTX and PPC.
conclusionsCoadministration of TTX and PPC significantly prolonged corneal anesthesia, but in view of delayed corneal reepithelialization, caution is suggested in the use of the drug combination.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.