SynthesisPloS one2013
A systematic review of the screening accuracy of the HIV Dementia Scale and International HIV Dementia Scale.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 52 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
52 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 82 citations in OpenAlex.
- Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) for HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders.Neuropsychology review · 2019Pooled it
- 2017 HIVMA of IDSA Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Chronic Pain in Patients Living With HIV.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2017Guideline
- Validity of cognitive screens for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder: a systematic review and an informed screen selection guide.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2013Pooled it
- Clinical and behavioral predictors of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder among people with HIV who use substances: a secondary analysis of the HOPE trial.Journal of neurovirology · 2026Trial
- Adding a brief self-report cognitive tool to the IHDS improves effectiveness of identifying patients with HIV-associated dementia in South Africa.Journal of neurovirology · 2017Trial
- Diagnostic accuracy of IHDS and MoCA in screening for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders among adults living with HIV in Ethiopia.International journal of mental health systems · 2026Article
- Psychometric properties of International HIV Dementia Scale as screening tool for neurocognitive disorder among people living with HIV/AIDS.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Cognitive Screening with the Italian International HIV Dementia Scale in People Living with HIV: A Cross-Sectional Study in the cART Era.Infectious disease reports · 2025Article
- Dementia prevalence and risk factors in people with and without HIV in Malawi: A medical record review.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Assessing neurocognitive functioning among adults ageing with and without HIV at the Kenyan Coast: measurement issues and correlates.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2025Article
- Article
- Multimodal Approach to Neurocognitive Function in People Living with HIV in the cART Era: A Comprehensive Review.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Cognitive Impairment in People Living with HIV and the Impact of Mood: Results from a Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Healthcare Workers' Perspectives on the Utilization of the International HIV Dementia Scale for the Screening HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders: A Qualitative Study at TASO Centres in Central and Southwestern Uganda.HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2024Article
- An Automated Virtual Reality Program Accurately Diagnoses HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders in Older People With HIV.Open forum infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Assessment and Diagnosis of HIV-Associated Dementia.Viruses · 2023Review
- Screening HIV associated neurocognitive disorders using international HIV dementia scale: closing the gap through an educational intervention for healthcare workers.The Pan African medical journal · 2023Article
- HIV-Associated Dementia: Associated Factors and Characteristics of Cognitive Domain Abnormalities in Elderly People Living with HIV Treated with Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2022Article
- Neuroimmunology of CNS HIV Infection: A Narrative Review.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Review
- HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND): Obstacles to Early Neuropsychological Diagnosis.International journal of general medicine · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe HIV Dementia Scale (HDS) and International HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS) are brief tools that have been developed to screen for and aid diagnosis of HIV-associated dementia (HAD). They are increasingly being used in clinical practice for minor neurocognitive disorder (MND) as well as HAD, despite uncertainty about their accuracy. METHODS AND
findingsA systematic review of the accuracy of the HDS and IHDS was conducted. Studies were assessed on Standards for Reporting Diagnostic Accuracy criteria. Pooled sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios (LR) and diagnostic odds ratios (DOR) were calculated for each scale as a test for HAD or MND. We retrieved 15 studies of the HDS, 10 of the IHDS, and 1 of both scales. Thirteen studies of the HDS were conducted in North America, and 7 of the IHDS studies were conducted in sub-Saharan Africa. Estimates of accuracy were highly heterogeneous between studies for the HDS but less so for the IHDS. Pooled DOR for the HDS was 7.52 (95% confidence interval 3.75-15.11), sensitivity and specificity for HAD were estimated at 68.1% and 77.9%, and sensitivity and specificity for MND were estimated at 42.0% and 91.2%. Pooled DOR for the IHDS was 3.49 (2.12-5.73), sensitivity and specificity for HAD were 74.3% and 54.7%, and sensitivity and specificity for MND were 64.3% and 66.0%.
conclusionBoth scales were low in accuracy. The literature is limited by the lack of a gold standard, and variation in estimates of accuracy is likely to be due to differences in reference standard. There is a lack of studies comparing both scales, and they have been studied in different populations, but the IHDS may be less specific than the HDS. These rapid tests are not recommended for diagnostic use, and further research is required to inform their use in asymptomatic screening.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.