ReviewDiabetologia2013
Insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes: what is 'double diabetes' and what are the risks?
Review in Diabetologia, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05314855 (Role of the Central Brain Clock in the Pathophysiology of Insulin Resistance), which is not on this map. Cited by 118 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Role of the Central Brain Clock in the Pathophysiology of Insulin Resistance
Who cites it
118 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 230 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tirzepatide as Adjunct to Insulin in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes and Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review of Randomized and Real-World Evidence.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2026Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of variable-dose metformin as adjunctive therapy to insulin in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.BMC endocrine disorders · 2025Pooled it
- An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Efficacy and Safety of Metformin as Add-on Therapy to Insulin in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2025Pooled it
- Genetic evidence for the causal association between type 1 diabetes and the risk of polycystic ovary syndrome.Human genomics · 2023Pooled it
- Double or hybrid diabetes: A systematic review on disease prevalence, characteristics and risk factors.Nutrition & diabetes · 2019Pooled it
- Insulin, Semaglutide and Dapagliflozin in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: Design and Methods of Triple Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes (TTT1)-An International Phase 3 Clinical Trial.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Trial
- Evaluation of Effects of Continuous Glucose Monitoring on Physical Activity Habits and Blood Lipid Levels in Persons With Type 1 Diabetes Managed With Multiple Daily Insulin Injections: An Analysis Based on the GOLD Randomized Trial (GOLD 8).Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2024Trial
- Efficacy and safety of liraglutide in type 1 diabetes by baseline characteristics in the ADJUNCT ONE and ADJUNCT TWO randomized controlled trials.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2021Trial
- Separating insulin-mediated and non-insulin-mediated glucose uptake during and after aerobic exercise in type 1 diabetes.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism · 2021Trial
- Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in Japanese patients with inadequately controlled type 1 diabetes (DEPICT-5): 52-week results from a randomized, open-label, phase III clinical trial.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2020Trial
- Efficacy and Safety of Resveratrol in Type 1 Diabetes Patients: A Two-Month Preliminary Exploratory Trial.Nutrients · 2020Trial
- Lower HDL-cholesterol, a known marker of cardiovascular risk, was associated with depression in type 1 diabetes: a cross sectional study.Lipids in health and disease · 2019Trial
- Reduced hepatocellular lipid accumulation and energy metabolism in patients with long standing type 1 diabetes mellitus.Scientific reports · 2019Trial
- Metformin in adults with type 1 diabetes: Design and methods of REducing with MetfOrmin Vascular Adverse Lesions (REMOVAL): An international multicentre trial.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2017 · on this mapTrial
- Glycemic control and variability in association with body mass index and body composition over 18months in youth with type 1 diabetes.Diabetes research and clinical practice · 2016Trial
- Exercise effects on postprandial glucose metabolism in type 1 diabetes: a triple-tracer approach.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism · 2015Trial
- Effect of Rosiglitazone and Insulin Combination Therapy on Inflammation Parameters and Adipocytokine Levels in Patients with Type 1 DM.Journal of diabetes research · 2015Trial
- Metabolic health, independent of body mass index, is associated with mortality risk in type 1 diabetes.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2026Article
- Article
- Obesity in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.Journal of obesity & metabolic syndrome · 2026Review
58 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In this review, we explore the concept of 'double diabetes', a combination of type 1 diabetes with features of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. After considering whether double diabetes is a useful concept, we discuss potential mechanisms of increased insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes before examining the extent to which double diabetes might increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We then go on to consider the proposal that weight gain from intensive insulin regimens may be associated with increased CV risk factors in some patients with type 1 diabetes, and explore the complex relationships between weight gain, insulin resistance, glycaemic control and CV outcome. Important comparisons and contrasts between type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes are highlighted in terms of hepatic fat, fat partitioning and lipid profile, and how these may differ between type 1 diabetic patients with and without double diabetes. In so doing, we hope this work will stimulate much-needed research in this area and an improvement in clinical practice.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.