ArticleApplied and environmental microbiology2013
Genetic diversity of the flagellin genes of Clostridium botulinum groups I and II.
Article in Applied and environmental microbiology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Opportunistic Features of Non-Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Extensive Genome Exploration ofMicroorganisms · 2021Article
- Article
- Differentiating Botulinum Neurotoxin-Producing Clostridia with a Simple, Multiplex PCR Assay.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2017Article
- Genetic Analysis and Detection of fliC H1 and fliC H12 Genes Coding for Serologically Closely Related Flagellar Antigens in Human and Animal Pathogenic Escherichia coli.Frontiers in microbiology · 2016Article
- Clostridium botulinum Group II Isolate Phylogenomic Profiling Using Whole-Genome Sequence Data.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2015Article
- Molecular gene profiling of Clostridium botulinum group III and its detection in naturally contaminated samples originating from various European countries.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2015Article
- An atypical outbreak of food-borne botulism due to Clostridium botulinum types B and E from ham.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are produced by phenotypically and genetically different Clostridium species, including Clostridium botulinum and some strains of Clostridium baratii (serotype F) and Clostridium butyricum (serotype E). BoNT-producing clostridia responsible for human botulism encompass strains of group I (secreting proteases, producing toxin serotype A, B, or F, and growing optimally at 37°C) and group II (nonproteolytic, producing toxin serotype E, B, or F, and growing optimally at 30°C). Here we report the development of real-time PCR assays for genotyping C. botulinum strains of groups I and II based on flaVR (variable region sequence of flaA) sequences and the flaB gene. Real-time PCR typing of regions flaVR1 to flaVR10 and flaB was optimized and validated with 62 historical and Canadian C. botulinum strains that had been previously typed. Analysis of 210 isolates of European origin allowed the identification of four new C. botulinum flaVR types (flaVR11 to flaVR14) and one new flaVR type specific to C. butyricum type E (flaVR15). The genetic diversity of the flaVR among C. botulinum strains investigated in the present study reveals the clustering of flaVR types into 5 major subgroups. Subgroups 1, 3, and 4 contain proteolytic Clostridium botulinum, subgroup 2 is made up of nonproteolytic C. botulinum only, and subgroup 5 is specific to C. butyricum type E. The genetic variability of the flagellin genes carried by C. botulinum and the possible association of flaVR types with certain geographical areas make gene profiling of flaVR and flaB promising in molecular surveillance and epidemiology of C. botulinum.
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