ArticleBMJ open2013
Schizophrenia is associated with excess multiple physical-health comorbidities but low levels of recorded cardiovascular disease in primary care: cross-sectional study.
Article in BMJ open, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 110 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
110 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 251 citations in OpenAlex.
- Psychosocial and Demographic Factors Associated with Physical Multimorbidity in Severe Mental Illness: A Systematic Review.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Pooled it
- Lurasidone versus typical antipsychotics for schizophrenia.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- All-cause mortality risk in long-acting injectable versus oral antipsychotics in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Brain ageing in schizophrenia: evidence from 26 international cohorts via the ENIGMA Schizophrenia consortium.Molecular psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- Are negative beliefs about psychosis associated with emotional distress in adults and young people with such experiences? A meta-analysis.Psychology and psychotherapy · 2021Pooled it
- Examining the cost effectiveness of interventions to promote the physical health of people with mental health problems: a systematic review.BMC public health · 2013Pooled it
- Prevalence and correlates of metabolic syndrome and its components in adults with psychotic disorders in Eldoret, Kenya.PloS one · 2021Trial
- Trial
- Polygenic Resilience Scores are Associated With Lower Penetrance of Schizophrenia Risk Genes, Protection Against Psychiatric and Medical Disorders, and Enhanced Mental Well-Being and Cognition.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- Cancer-related mortality among individuals with schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.BJPsych open · 2026Review
- Association of Borderline Personality Disorder with Physical Diseases and Mortality: A 16-Year Population-Based Electronic Health-Record Cohort Study in Hong Kong.Psychotherapy and psychosomatics · 2026Article
- Social Isolation and Aging health in Schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SIAS): study protocol for a multinational longitudinal study.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- Understanding and characterizing the higher rates of medical comorbidities in serious mental illness.Journal of psychiatric research · 2026Article
- Chronic pain and its correlation with quality of life in hospitalized stable patients with schizophrenia: a cross-sectional survey in Southern Sichuan, China.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- VIEWER: an extensible visual analytics framework for enhancing mental healthcare.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA · 2026Article
- Increasing physical activity and reducing sedentary behaviour in patients diagnosed with non-affective psychosis: a cross-sectional UK study identifying cognitions to target in treatment.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Article
- Mental Healthcare Providers Understanding and Experiences of Palliative Care: A Qualitative Analysis.Journal of palliative care · 2025Article
- A rare case of isovaleric acidemia and schizophrenia: a case report.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Psychotic-Spectrum Disorders With Comorbid Anxiety Are Predisposing Factors for Parkinson's Disease in a Case-Control Study.The Permanente journal · 2025Article
- Diagnostic inequalities relating to physical healthcare among people with mental health conditions: a systematic review.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Review
50 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo assess the nature and extent of physical-health comorbidities in people with schizophrenia and related psychoses compared with controls.
designCross-sectional study.
setting314 primary care practices in Scotland.
participants9677 people with a primary care record of schizophrenia or a related psychosis and 1 414 701 controls. Main outcome measures Primary care records of 32 common chronic physical-health conditions and combinations of one, two and three or more physical-health comorbidities adjusted for age, gender and deprivation status.
resultsCompared with controls, people with schizophrenia were significantly more likely to have one physical-health comorbidity (OR 1.21, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.27), two physical-health comorbidities (OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.29 to 1.44) and three or more physical-health comorbidities (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.27). Rates were highest for viral hepatitis (OR 3.98, 95% CI 2.81 to 5.64), constipation (OR 3.24, 95% CI 3.00 to 4.49) and Parkinson's disease (OR 3.07, 95% CI 2.42 to 3.88) but people with schizophrenia had lower recorded rates of cardiovascular disease, including atrial fibrillation (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.73), hypertension (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.67 to 0.76), coronary heart disease (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.71) and peripheral vascular disease (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.71 to 0.97).
conclusionsPeople with schizophrenia have a wide range of comorbid and multiple physical-health conditions but are less likely than people without schizophrenia to have a primary care record of cardiovascular disease. This suggests a systematic under-recognition and undertreatment of cardiovascular disease in people with schizophrenia, which might contribute to substantial premature mortality observed within this patient group.
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.