SynthesisThe International journal of social psychiatry2014
Income inequality and schizophrenia: increased schizophrenia incidence in countries with high levels of income inequality.
Synthesis in The International journal of social psychiatry, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Global lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- The association between income inequality and adult mental health at the subnational level-a systematic review.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2022Pooled it
- Perceived discrimination and psychosis: a systematic review of the literature.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2019Pooled it
- Neighbourhood level social deprivation and the risk of psychotic disorders: a systematic review.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2016Pooled it
- Mortality from coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) in patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression.General hospital psychiatryPooled it
- Real-world comprehensive care of people living with schizophrenia: recommendations across different settings and clinical stages.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2026Article
- Psychological predictors of noticing and interpreting inequality in daily life.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Genetically Informed Study Highlights Income-Independent Effect of Schizophrenia Liability on Mental and Physical Health.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2024Article
- Socioeconomic status, personality, and major mental disorders: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2024Article
- Psychological Distress in Low-Income and Economically Marginalized Populations in India: Protective and Risk Factors.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Pharmacological Treatment of Cognitive Impairment Associated With Schizophrenia: State of the Art and Future Perspectives.Schizophrenia bulletin open · 2024Article
- Attitude towards mental help-seeking, motivation, and economic resources in connection with positive, negative, and general psychopathological symptoms of schizophrenia: a pilot study of a psychoeducation program.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- Digital Interventions for Relapse Prevention, Illness Self-Management, and Health Promotion In Schizophrenia: Recent Advances, Continued Challenges, and Future Opportunities.Current treatment options in psychiatry · 2023Article
- Socioeconomic status and severe mental disorders: a bidirectional multivariable Mendelian randomisation study.BMJ mental health · 2023Article
- Identifying the mediating role of socioeconomic status on the relationship between schizophrenia and major depressive disorder: a Mendelian randomisation analysis.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2023Article
- The Influence of Greenspace Exposure on Affect in People With and Those Without Schizophrenia: Exploratory Study.JMIR formative research · 2023Article
- Physical, Psychiatric, and Social Comorbidities of Individuals with Schizophrenia Living in the Community in Japan.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Inequality and barriers in psychosis prevention: A systematic review on clinical high-risk for psychosis studies from developing countries.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
- Polygenic scores for schizophrenia and major depression are associated with psychosocial risk factors in children: evidence of gene-environment correlation.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIncome inequality is associated with numerous negative health outcomes. There is evidence that ecological-level socio-environmental factors may increase risk for schizophrenia.
aimsThe aim was to investigate whether measures of income inequality are associated with incidence of schizophrenia at the country level.
methodWe conducted a systematic review of incidence rates for schizophrenia, reported between 1975 and 2011. For each country, national measures of income inequality (Gini coefficient) along with covariate risk factors for schizophrenia were obtained. Multi-level mixed-effects Poisson regression was performed to investigate the relationship between Gini coefficients and incidence rates of schizophrenia controlling for covariates.
resultsOne hundred and seven incidence rates (from 26 countries) were included. Mean incidence of schizophrenia was 18.50 per 100,000 (SD = 11.9; range = 1.7-67). There was a significant positive relationship between incidence rate of schizophrenia and Gini coefficient (β = 1.02; Z = 2.28; p = .02; 95% CI = 1.00, 1.03).
conclusionsCountries characterized by a large rich-poor gap may be at increased risk of schizophrenia. We suggest that income inequality impacts negatively on social cohesion, eroding social capital, and that chronic stress associated with living in highly disparate societies places individuals at risk of schizophrenia.
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