ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2013
Nasal, oral and ear swabs for canine visceral leishmaniasis diagnosis: new practical approaches for detection of Leishmania infantum DNA.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exploring real-time PCR techniques for diagnosing leishmaniasis: key insights from a systematic review.Parasitology research · 2025Pooled it
- Sensitivity of PCR in conjunctival swab samples for the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Revista brasileira de parasitologia veterinaria = Brazilian journal of veterinary parasitology : Orgao Oficial do Colegio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinaria · 2023Pooled it
- Noninvasive Biological Samples to Detect and Diagnose Infections due to Trypanosomatidae Parasites: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Pooled it
- Validation of a duplex real-time PCR (qPCR) in clinically classified dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum before and after specific treatment: preliminary results.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Nasal microbiota profiles are similar at two swabbing depths in healthy awake dogs.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Detection ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Standardization and Evaluation of the LAMP Technique for the Diagnosis of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis in Conjunctival Swab Samples Using DNA Extracted by a Silica Column and Boiling.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2024Article
- Leishmania V. braziliensis infection in asymptomatic domestic animals within an endemic region in the Northeast of Brazil.Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical · 2022Article
- Urine-Based Molecular Diagnostic Tests for Leishmaniasis Infection in Human and Canine Populations: A Meta-Analysis.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Visceral leishmaniasis: a practical strategy for quantitative molecular diagnosis in naturally infected dogs.Parasitology research · 2020Article
- Molecular Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis.Molecular diagnosis & therapy · 2018Review
- Real-time PCR applications for diagnosis of leishmaniasis.Parasites & vectors · 2018Review
- Efficiency of noninvasive sampling methods (swab) together with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for diagnosing American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis.Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo · 2017Article
- Papular dermatitis due to Leishmania infantum infection in seventeen dogs: diagnostic features, extent of the infection and treatment outcome.Parasites & vectors · 2014Article
- Dogs, cats, parasites, and humans in Brazil: opening the black box.Parasites & vectors · 2014Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate the potential use of nasal, oral, and ear swabs for molecular diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in an endemic urban area in Brazil. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL
findingsSixty-two naturally infected and ten healthy dogs were enrolled in this study. Bone marrow aspirates, peripheral blood, skin biopsy, and conjunctival, nasal, oral, and ear swabs were collected. All samples, except blood, were submitted to conventional PCR (cPCR) and quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) to detect and quantify Leishmania infantum DNA, respectively. All dogs were submitted to thorough clinical analysis and were included based on a combination of serological (ELISA immunoassay and immunofluorescent antibody test) and parasitological methods. The cPCR positivity obtained from nasal swab samples was 87% (54/62), equivalent to those from other samples (P>0.05). Positive results were obtained for 79% (22/28) in oral swabs and 43% (12/28) in ear swab samples. A significant difference was observed between these data (P=0.013), and the frequency of positive results from oral swab was equivalent to those from other samples (P>0.05). The use of ear swab samples for cPCR assays is promising because its result was equivalent to skin biopsy data (P>0.05). The qPCR data revealed that parasite loads in mucosal tissues were similar (P>0.05), but significantly lower than the parasite burden observed in bone marrow and skin samples (P<0.05).
conclusionsNasal and oral swab samples showed a high potential for the qualitative molecular diagnosis of CVL because their results were equivalent to those observed in samples collected invasively. Considering that mucosae swab collections are painless, noninvasive, fast and practical, the combination of these samples would be useful in massive screening of dogs. This work highlights the potential of practical approaches for molecular diagnosis of CVL and human leishmaniasis infections.
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