ArticlePloS one2013
Electric field-driven water dipoles: nanoscale architecture of electroporation.
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- Short-Term Gingival Microcirculatory Responses to Non-Invasive Physical Stimulation: Implications for Accelerated Orthodontic Research.Dentistry journal · 2026Article
- Electroporation in lipid vesicles by varying PEG-grafted lipids in their membranes: an experimental and simulation study.RSC advances · 2025Article
- Electroactive Electrospun Nanofibrous Scaffolds: Innovative Approaches for Improved Skin Wound Healing.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Review
- All-atom molecular dynamics simulations of the combined effects of different phospholipids and cholesterol content on electroporation.RSC advances · 2022Article
- Dye Transport through Bilayers Agrees with Lipid Electropore Molecular Dynamics.Biophysical journal · 2020Article
- Pulsed Electric Fields Can Create Pores in the Voltage Sensors of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels.Biophysical journal · 2020Article
- The Effect of KcsA Channel on Lipid Bilayer Electroporation Induced by Picosecond Pulse Trains.The Journal of membrane biology · 2020Article
- Irreversible Electroporation: Background, Theory, and Review of Recent Developments in Clinical Oncology.Bioelectricity · 2019Review
- Spontaneous and Stress-Induced Pore Formation in Membranes: Theory, Experiments and Simulations.The Journal of membrane biology · 2019Article
- Relationship between body mass and clinical response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for major depressive disorder.Mental illness · 2019Article
- Application of Pulsed Electric Fields to Cancer Therapy.Bioelectricity · 2019Review
- Terahertz Electric Field-Induced Membrane Electroporation by Molecular Dynamics Simulations.The Journal of membrane biology · 2018Article
- Tracking Lysosome Migration within Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) Cells Following Exposure to Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Fields.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2018Article
- Permeabilizing Phospholipid Bilayers with Non-normal Electric Fields.The Journal of membrane biology · 2018Article
- Computing Spatiotemporal Heat Maps of Lipid Electropore Formation: A Statistical Approach.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2017Article
- Characterization of Pressure Transients Generated by Nanosecond Electrical Pulse (nsEP) Exposure.Scientific reports · 2015Article
- Picosecond and Terahertz Perturbation of Interfacial Water and Electropermeabilization of Biological Membranes.The Journal of membrane biology · 2015Article
- Electroporation-mediated gene delivery.Advances in genetics · 2015Article
- Cancellation of cellular responses to nanoelectroporation by reversing the stimulus polarity.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2014Article
- On the electroporation thresholds of lipid bilayers: molecular dynamics simulation investigations.The Journal of membrane biology · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Electroporation is the formation of permeabilizing structures in the cell membrane under the influence of an externally imposed electric field. The resulting increased permeability of the membrane enables a wide range of biological applications, including the delivery of normally excluded substances into cells. While electroporation is used extensively in biology, biotechnology, and medicine, its molecular mechanism is not well understood. This lack of knowledge limits the ability to control and fine-tune the process. In this article we propose a novel molecular mechanism for the electroporation of a lipid bilayer based on energetics analysis. Using molecular dynamics simulations we demonstrate that pore formation is driven by the reorganization of the interfacial water molecules. Our energetics analysis and comparisons of simulations with and without the lipid bilayer show that the process of poration is driven by field-induced reorganization of water dipoles at the water-lipid or water-vacuum interfaces into more energetically favorable configurations, with their molecular dipoles oriented in the external field. Although the contributing role of water in electroporation has been noted previously, here we propose that interfacial water molecules are the main players in the process, its initiators and drivers. The role of the lipid layer, to a first-order approximation, is then reduced to a relatively passive barrier. This new view of electroporation simplifies the study of the problem, and opens up new opportunities in both theoretical modeling of the process and experimental research to better control or to use it in new, innovative ways.
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