ArticleBehavior genetics2013
The genetic architecture of liver enzyme levels: GGT, ALT and AST.
Article in Behavior genetics, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 74 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
74 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 184 citations in OpenAlex.
- Anti-inflammatory and anti-rejection effects of herbal medicine ingredients in organ transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Serum liver enzymes and risk of stroke: Systematic review with meta-analyses and Mendelian randomization studies.European journal of neurology · 2024Pooled it
- Effect of Nut Consumption on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2023Pooled it
- O-GlcNAcylation Stimulation Modulates Na+/K+ ATPase and Improves Outcomes in Hemorrhagic Shock.MedComm · 2026Article
- The effect of vitamin D supplementation on the liver function in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2026Review
- Polygenic risk score and risk of drug-induced liver injury after initiating antiretroviral therapy in people living with HIV.Pharmacogenomics · 2026Article
- Human liver-derived organoids recapitulate Oropouche virus infection and manifestation, enabling antiviral drug discovery.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- HER2 Antibody-Nanogel Conjugates: A High-Capacity, Antibody-Sparing Alternative to Antibody-Drug Conjugates.Nano letters · 2026Article
- Efficacy of very low calorie diet in the intervention of obesity and the changes in oral microbiota: a prospective cohort study.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Observational
- Association between different metabolic obesity phenotypes and hyperuricemia: the modifying role of liver enzymes.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Involvement of α7nAChR in the hepatic-protective effect of remifentanil preconditioning in ischemia/reperfusion rats.Hereditas · 2025Article
- Value of elevated 1-hour post-load plasma glucose level in identifying risk of MAFLD in non-diabetic obese children and adolescents.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
- Effects of Dietary Terpinen-4-ol on Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Biogenesis in the Liver of Broilers with Pulmonary Hypertension Syndrome.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Testing non-lethal techniques for endoparasite detection and sex determination in pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus).Journal of fish biology · 2025Article
- Therapeutic Benefits of Nano-Echinacea Extract on Reproductive Injury Induced by Polystyrene Plastic Materials in Rat Model via Regulating Gut-Brain Axis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Inter-host diversity associated with age, sex, and menstrual cycle modulates clinical manifestations in DENV-2 patients.iScience · 2025Article
- DNA methylation associated with the serum alanine aminotransferase concentration: evidence from Chinese monozygotic twins.Clinical epigenetics · 2025Article
- [Clinical characteristics and risk factors of pyogenic liver abscess complicated by sepsis in children].Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics · 2025Article
- Lychee Peel Extract Ameliorates Hyperuricemia by Regulating Uric Acid Production and Excretion in Mice.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Article
- Association between liver enzyme levels and prevalence of migraine: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2025Article
14 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
High levels of liver enzymes GGT, ALT and AST are predictive of disease and all-cause mortality and can reflect liver injury, fatty liver and/or oxidative stress. Variation in GGT, ALT and AST levels is heritable. Moderation of the heritability of these liver enzymes by age and sex has not often been explored, and it is not clear to what extent non-additive genetic and shared environmental factors may play a role. To examine the genetic architecture of GGT, ALT and AST, plasma levels were assessed in a large sample of twins, their siblings, parents and spouses (N = 8,371; age range 18-90). For GGT and ALT, but not for AST, genetic structural equation modeling showed evidence for quantitative sex differences in the genetic architecture. There was no evidence for qualitative sex differences, i.e. the same genes were expressed in males and females. Both additive and non-additive genetic factors were important for GGT in females (total heritability h(2) 60 %) and AST in both sexes (total h(2) 43 %). The heritability of GGT in males and ALT for both sexes was due to additive effects only (GGT males 30 %; ALT males 40 %, females 22 %). Evidence emerged for shared environmental factors influencing GGT in the male offspring generation (variance explained 28 %). Thus, the same genes influence liver enzyme levels across sex and age, but their relative contribution to the variation in GGT and ALT differs in males and females and for GGT across age. Given adequate sample sizes these results suggest that genome-wide association studies may result in the detection of new susceptibility loci for liver enzyme levels when pooling results over sex and age.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.