ArticlePloS one2013
Poxvirus antigen staining of immune cells as a biomarker to predict disease outcome in monkeypox and cowpox virus infection in non-human primates.
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mpox animal models: a comprehensive evaluation of susceptible species for pathogenesis studies and drug discovery.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Review
- From skin lesions to multi-organ involvement: Organ tropism and pathogenesis of mpox virus.iScience · 2025Review
- Neurological complications of Orthopoxvirus infections: neurotropism and neurovirulence.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2025Review
- Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Host Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Response to Mpox Virus Infection.Viruses · 2025Article
- Unveiling Immune Response Mechanisms in Mpox Infection Through Machine Learning Analysis of Time Series Gene Expression Data.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Monkeypox virus and type 1 diabetes: a molecular insight into inflammatory signaling and β-cell autoimmunity.Virology journal · 2025Review
- A bioinformatic analysis to systematically unveil shared pathways and molecular mechanisms underlying monkeypox and its predominant neurological manifestations.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- The monkeypox virus-host interplays.Cell insight · 2024Review
- Innate and adaptive immune responses that control lymph-borne viruses in the draining lymph node.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2024Review
- Beyond skin deep: shedding light on the neuropsychiatric consequences of Monkeypox (Mpox).Acta neurologica Belgica · 2024Review
- Review
- Current Evidence and Practice Guidelines of Systemic Complications of 2022 Mpox Outbreak: A Scoping Review.Cureus · 2023Article
- Neuropsychiatric manifestations of monkeypox: A clinically oriented comprehensive review.Brain and behavior · 2023Review
- Diabetes mellitus: Lessons from COVID-19 for monkeypox infection.Primary care diabetes · 2023Review
- A brief review of the monkeypox virus and emerging concerns for neuroinvasiveness.Surgical neurology international · 2023Review
- The prospective outcome of the monkeypox outbreak in 2022 and characterization of monkeypox disease immunobiology.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Article
- Comprehensive literature review of monkeypox.Emerging microbes & infections · 2022Review
- Monkeypox: disease epidemiology, host immunity and clinical interventions.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2022Review
- [Journal of virology · 2017Article
- Pathogenesis of fulminant monkeypox with bacterial sepsis after experimental infection with West African monkeypox virus in a cynomolgus monkey.International journal of clinical and experimental pathology · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Infection of non-human primates (NHPs) such as rhesus and cynomolgus macaques with monkeypox virus (MPXV) or cowpox virus (CPXV) serve as models to study poxvirus pathogenesis and to evaluate vaccines and anti-orthopox therapeutics. Intravenous inoculation of macaques with high dose of MPXV (>1-2×10(7) PFU) or CPXV (>10(2) PFU) results in 80% to 100% mortality and 66 to 100% mortality respectively. Here we report that NHPs with positive detection of poxvirus antigens in immune cells by flow cytometric staining, especially in monocytes and granulocytes succumbed to virus infection and that early positive pox staining is a strong predictor for lethality. Samples from four independent studies were analyzed. Eighteen NHPs from three different experiments were inoculated with two different MPXV strains at lethal doses. Ten NHPs displayed positive pox-staining and all 10 NHPs reached moribund endpoint. In contrast, none of the three NHPs that survived anticipated lethal virus dose showed apparent virus staining in the monocytes and granulocytes. In addition, three NHPs that were challenged with a lethal dose of MPXV and received cidofovir treatment were pox-antigen negative and all three NHPs survived. Furthermore, data from a CPXV study also demonstrated that 6/9 NHPs were pox-antigen staining positive and all 6 NHPs reached euthanasia endpoint, while the three survivors were pox-antigen staining negative. Thus, we conclude that monitoring pox-antigen staining in immune cells can be used as a biomarker to predict the prognosis of virus infection. Future studies should focus on the mechanisms and implications of the pox-infection of immune cells and the correlation between pox-antigen detection in immune cells and disease progression in human poxviral infection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.