ArticleFrontiers in computational neuroscience2013
Ketamine, Propofol, and the EEG: A Neural Field Analysis of HCN1-Mediated Interactions.
Article in Frontiers in computational neuroscience, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Society of Anesthesia and Sleep Medicine Guideline on Intraoperative Management of Adult Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea.Anesthesia and analgesia · 2018Guideline
- MIJ821 (onfasprodil) in healthy volunteers: First-in-human, randomized, placebo-controlled study (single ascending dose and repeated intravenous dose).Clinical and translational science · 2023Trial
- The effect of ketamine on depth of hypnosis indices during total intravenous anesthesia-a comparative study using a novel electroencephalography case replay system.Journal of clinical monitoring and computing · 2021Trial
- Effect of ketamine on the NeuroSENSE WAVJournal of clinical monitoring and computing · 2021Trial
- Anesthetic action on the transmission delay between cortex and thalamus explains the beta-buzz observed under propofol anesthesia.PloS one · 2017Trial
- Ketamine Across the Dose-State Continuum: EEG Signatures, Network Dynamics, and Implications for Brain-State Monitoring in Anesthesia and Critical Care.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Electroencephalographic Patterns Associated with the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of GABAergic Agents, Opioids, and Ketamine During General Anesthesia: A Systematic Review.Journal of personalized medicine · 2026Review
- Are "GABAergic" Agents Really So Selective for GABA? Implications for Single- versus Multi-Site Hypotheses From Promiscuous Behavior of Anesthetics and Their Molecular Targets In Vitro.Anesthesia and analgesia · 2026Review
- The Modulatory Effects of Anesthetics and Analgesics on Neurophysiological Monitoring and Underlying Mechanisms.Current neuropharmacology · 2026Review
- Ketamine-Propofol Coadministration for Induction and Infusion Maintenance in Anesthetized Dogs: Effects on Electroencephalography and Antinociception.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- In vivo ephaptic coupling allows memory network formation.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2023Article
- Characterizing brain dynamics during ketamine-induced dissociation and subsequent interactions with propofol using human intracranial neurophysiology.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Contributions of synaptic and astrocyte physiology to the anaesthetised encephalogram revealed using a computational model.British journal of anaesthesia · 2021Article
- Transient neocortical gamma oscillations induced by neuronal response modulation.Journal of computational neuroscience · 2020Article
- The Combination of Propofol and Ketamine Does Not Enhance Clinical Responses to Electroconvulsive Therapy in Major Depression-The Results From the KEOpS Study.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2020Article
- Aberrant thalamocortical coherence in an animal model of tinnitus.Journal of neurophysiology · 2019Article
- Neurophysiologic Correlates of Ketamine Sedation and Anesthesia: A High-density Electroencephalography Study in Healthy Volunteers.Anesthesiology · 2017Article
- Corticothalamic network dysfunction and behavioral deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.Neurobiology of aging · 2016Article
- Effects of Ketamine on Resting-State EEG Activity and Their Relationship to Perceptual/Dissociative Symptoms in Healthy Humans.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2016Article
- Common Internal Allosteric Network Links Anesthetic Binding Sites in a Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channel.PloS one · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Ketamine and propofol are two well-known, powerful anesthetic agents, yet at first sight this appears to be their only commonality. Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic agent, whose main mechanism of action is considered to be N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) antagonism; whereas propofol is a general anesthetic agent, which is assumed to primarily potentiate currents gated by γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors. However, several experimental observations suggest a closer relationship. First, the effect of ketamine on the electroencephalogram (EEG) is markedly changed in the presence of propofol: on its own ketamine increases θ (4-8 Hz) and decreases α (8-13 Hz) oscillations, whereas ketamine induces a significant shift to beta band frequencies (13-30 Hz) in the presence of propofol. Second, both ketamine and propofol cause inhibition of the inward pacemaker current I h, by binding to the corresponding hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated potassium channel 1 (HCN1) subunit. The resulting effect is a hyperpolarization of the neuron's resting membrane potential. Third, the ability of both ketamine and propofol to induce hypnosis is reduced in HCN1-knockout mice. Here we show that one can theoretically understand the observed spectral changes of the EEG based on HCN1-mediated hyperpolarizations alone, without involving the supposed main mechanisms of action of these drugs through NMDA and GABAA, respectively. On the basis of our successful EEG model we conclude that ketamine and propofol should be antagonistic to each other in their interaction at HCN1 subunits. Such a prediction is in accord with the results of clinical experiment in which it is found that ketamine and propofol interact in an infra-additive manner with respect to the endpoints of hypnosis and immobility.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.