ReviewJournal of autism and developmental disorders2013
A critical review of the research on the extreme male brain theory and digit ratio (2D:4D).
Review in Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Digit ratio (2D:4D) and transgender identity: new original data and a meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2020Pooled it
- Digit ratio (2D:4D) in relation to substance and computer use: a meta-analysis.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2019Pooled it
- Genome-wide association study identifies nine novel loci for 2D:4D finger ratio, a putative retrospective biomarker of testosterone exposure in utero.Human molecular genetics · 2018Pooled it
- Does testosterone impair men's cognitive empathy? Evidence from two large-scale randomized controlled trials.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2019Trial
- People with higher systemizing traits have wider right hands.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- The Role of Sertoli Cell Hormones in Male Preponderance Observed in Autism Spectrum Disorder.Noro psikiyatri arsivi · 2024Article
- Digit Ratio (2D:4D) Is Not Associated with Alzheimer's Disease in the Elderly.Brain sciences · 2023Article
- Genetic and morphological estimates of androgen exposure predict social deficits in multiple neurodevelopmental disorder cohorts.Molecular autism · 2021Article
- Cohort profile: Aichi regional sub-cohort of the Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS-A).BMJ open · 2019Article
- Environmental Chemicals and Autism: A Scoping Review of the Human and Animal Research.Environmental health perspectives · 2019Article
- Investigating Potential Biomarkers in Autism Spectrum Disorder.Frontiers in integrative neuroscience · 2019Article
- 2D:4D Ratio in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Twin Study.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2018Article
- Associations Between the 2nd to 4th Digit Ratio and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Population-Based Samples of Boys and Girls: Findings from the Study to Explore Early Development.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2018Article
- Associations Between the 2D:4D Proxy Biomarker for Prenatal Hormone Exposures and Symptoms of Developmental Language Disorder.Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR · 2017Article
- Familial digit ratio (2D:4D) associations in a general population sample from Wales.Early human development · 2017Article
- The 2D : 4D Digit Ratio as a Biomarker for Autism Spectrum Disorder.Autism research and treatment · 2017Article
- Plasma Oxytocin in Children with Autism and Its Correlations with Behavioral Parameters in Children and Parents.Psychiatry investigation · 2016Article
- Autism Spectrum Disorder Risk in Relation to Maternal Mid-Pregnancy Serum Hormone and Protein Markers from Prenatal Screening in California.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2016Article
- Testosterone and Androgen Receptor Sensitivity in Relation to Hyperactivity Symptoms in Boys with Autism Spectrum Disorders.PloS one · 2016Article
- The 2D:4D ratio, a proxy for prenatal androgen levels, differs in men with and without MS.Neurology · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Boys are more likely than girls to be diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The extreme male brain (EMB) theory of ASD suggests that fetal testosterone (FT) exposure may underlie sex differences in autistic traits. A link between the organizational effects of FT on the brain and ASD is often drawn based on research using digit ratio (2D:4D), a putative biomarker, without a full survey of the findings. This paper critically and quantitatively reviews the research on the relationship between 2D:4D and ASD as well as autism spectrum, empathizing, and systemizing measures in neurotypical populations. Overall, there is some support for the EMB theory in all four areas, particularly the 2D:4D-ASD relationship. Recommendations for future research are provided.
Indexed as
Identifiers
23575643What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.