ReviewClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2013
Heterologous ("nonspecific") and sex-differential effects of vaccines: epidemiology, clinical trials, and emerging immunologic mechanisms.
Review in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 46 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Interaction Between Live and Killed Vaccines: the Effect of the Diphtheria-tetanus-whole Cell Pertussis (DTP) Combined Vaccine on T Cell Memory Following Measles Vaccination
Clifford Craig Vaccine Trial Centre: Heterologous Effect of Diptheria, Tetanus, Acellular Pertussis Vaccination on Influenza Vaccine Challenge in the Elderly
Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- An integrative genomics approach identifies KDM4 as a modulator of trained immunity.European journal of immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Is diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) associated with increased female mortality? A meta-analysis testing the hypotheses of sex-differential non-specific effects of DTP vaccine.Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · 2016Pooled it
- Neonatal Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccination to Prevent Early-Life Eczema: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Dermatitis : contact, atopic, occupational, drugPooled it
- The impact of circadian rhythm on Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination effects on SARS-CoV-2 infections.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Trial
- Neonatal BCG Vaccination Reduces Interferon-γ Responsiveness to Heterologous Pathogens in Infants From a Randomized Controlled Trial.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2020Trial
- Gamma-irradiated bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination does not modulate the innate immune response during experimental human endotoxemia in adult males.Journal of immunology research · 2015Trial
- Source-specific priming of lung NK cells by Pseudomonas LPS enhances resistance to bacterial pneumonia.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Article
- Immunogenicity of a Recombinant MVA Vector Vaccine Expressing the Prefusion RSV F Protein in Balb/c Mice.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Article
- Immunization attributable burden of stunting among under-five children in India, 2005-2021.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
- Association Between Basic Immunization Status and Stunting in Toddlers Aged 12-59 Months in Indonesia.Journal of preventive medicine and public health = Yebang Uihakhoe chi · 2025Article
- Nonspecific Effects of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccine in Portuguese Children Under 5 Years of Age: Protocol for a Population-Based Historical Birth Cohort Study.JMIR research protocols · 2024Article
- Article
- Pleiotropic Effects of Influenza Vaccination.Vaccines · 2023Review
- BCG-Induced Immune Training: Interplay between Trained Immunity and Emergency Granulopoiesis.Journal of molecular biology · 2023Review
- Trained immunity is induced in humans after immunization with an adenoviral vector COVID-19 vaccine.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2023Article
- Sex-Differential and Non-specific Effects of Vaccines Over the Life Course.Current topics in microbiology and immunology · 2023Review
- Sex-differential non-specific effects of adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted rabies vaccines versus placebo on all-cause mortality in dogs (NERVE-Dog study): a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial with a nested case-control study.BMC veterinary research · 2022Article
- A Precision Adjuvant Approach to Enhance Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Vaccines Optimized for Immunologically Distinct Vulnerable Populations.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Article
- COVID-19 in children: Could pertussis vaccine play the protective role?Medical hypotheses · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
A growing body of evidence from epidemiologic, clinical, and immunologic studies indicates that vaccines can influence morbidity and mortality independent of vaccine-specific B-cell or T-cell immunity. For example, the live attenuated measles vaccine and BCG vaccine may reduce mortality from infections other than measles or tuberculosis, respectively. Immunologists call these heterologous effects and epidemiologists have called them nonspecific effects, indicating that they manifest against a broad range of pathogens/disease. These effects differ by sex, can be beneficial or detrimental, and appear to be mediated by mechanisms including innate immune memory (also known as "trained immunity") and cross-reacting lymphocytes. Herein we review recent studies in this emerging field based on a meeting of experts, the recent Optimmunize meeting, held in Copenhagen, Denmark, in August 2012. Further characterization of these effects is likely to expand the way vaccines are evaluated and alter the manner and sequence in which they are given.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.