ArticleAmerican journal of primatology2013
Risk factor analysis may provide clues to diarrhea prevention in outdoor-housed rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).
Article in American journal of primatology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Complex Substrates and Bedding for Environmental Enhancement and Research: Or, the Nature of Primates.American journal of primatology · 2026Review
- Incidence and Pathogenicity ofMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- A review of chronic enterocolitis of rhesus macaques (Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Review
- Multicenter Analysis of the Attributable Diarrhea Risk and Odds Ratios of Pathogens in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) Using Multiplex PCR Gastrointestinal Panel Testing and Conventional Fecal Culture.Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS · 2025Article
- Evaluation of commercial diets on fecal consistency and defecation frequency in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) with chronic intermittent idiopathic diarrhea.Laboratory animal research · 2025Article
- AI for rapid identification of major butyrate-producing bacteria in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).Animal microbiome · 2025Article
- Effect of Relocation, Social Housing Changes, and Diarrhea Status on Microbiome Composition of Juvenile Cynomolgus Macaques (Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Diversity ofmSphere · 2024Article
- Microbiome signature suggestive of lactose-intolerance in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) with intermittent chronic diarrhea.Animal microbiome · 2024Article
- Fatal coinfection of blastocystosis and intestinal trichomoniasis in a rhesus macaque (Journal of parasitic diseases : official organ of the Indian Society for Parasitology · 2024Article
- Excess prenatal loss and respiratory illnesses of infant macaques living outdoors and exposed to wildfire smoke.American journal of primatology · 2024Article
- Campylobacter vaccination reduces diarrheal disease and infant growth stunting among rhesus macaques.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Reference Intervals and Percentiles for Hematologic and Serum Biochemical Values in Captive Bred Rhesus (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- Common and Not-So-Common Pathologic Findings of the Gastrointestinal Tract of Rhesus and Cynomolgus Macaques.Toxicologic pathology · 2022Review
- Enteric Viruses Nucleic Acids Distribution along the Digestive Tract of Rhesus Macaques with Idiopathic Chronic Diarrhea.Viruses · 2022Article
- The gut microbiome and antibiotic resistome of chronic diarrhea rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and its similarity to the human gut microbiome.Microbiome · 2022Article
- Reduced infant rhesus macaque growth rates due to environmental enteric dysfunction and association with histopathology in the large intestine.Nature communications · 2022Article
- Idiopathic Chronic Diarrhea in Rhesus Macaques Is Not Associated with Enteric Viral Infections.Viruses · 2021Article
- Growth faltering regardless of chronic diarrhea is associated with mucosal immune dysfunction and microbial dysbiosis in the gut lumen.Mucosal immunology · 2021Article
- Vaccine-mediated protection againstScience advances · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Seventy-five percent of rhesus macaques at national primate research centers are housed outside. Annually, 15-39% of these animals experience diarrhea and require veterinary treatment for dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, or weight loss. An estimated 21-33% of these patients will die or be euthanized. Many studies have explored the various infectious etiologies of non-human primate diarrhea. However, there is little published information on diarrhea incidence rates and risk factors in outdoor-housed rhesus macaques. Without this information, it is challenging to determine endemic and epidemic diarrhea levels, or to develop and evaluate mitigation strategies. Using electronic medical records, we conducted a retrospective cohort study to calculate diarrhea incidence rates for rhesus macaques (N = 3,181) housed in three different outdoor housing types (corrals, shelters, and temporary housing) at the Oregon National Primate Research Center between November 1, 2009 and October 31, 2010. With multiple logistic regression analysis, we determined the relative risk of housing type, sex, and age on development of diarrhea. Diarrhea incidence and mortality in our population was lower than many published ranges. Type of outdoor housing, age, and previous diarrhea episode were positively correlated with diarrhea risk. Younger animals in smaller shelters and temporary housing had a greater risk of acquiring diarrhea, with juvenile animals (0.7-3.9 years) having the highest mortality rate. Sex was not a risk factor, but adult females with diarrhea were more likely to develop life-threatening complications than adult males. We also constructed a predictive model for diarrhea-associated mortality using Classification and Regression Tree. Findings from this study will be used to develop and evaluate mitigation strategies in our outdoor-housed population and to provide a foundation for genetic susceptibility and immune function testing.
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