Evidence map›Paper›PMID 23563998›Full record

SynthesisCancer causes & control : CCC2013

Meta-analyses of colorectal cancer risk factors.

Constance M Johnson, Caimiao Wei, Joe E Ensor, Derek J Smolenski, Christopher I Amos, Bernard Levin, Donald A Berry

Registry-linked trialAbstract readMeta-Analysis
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Cancer causes & control : CCC, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07346677 (Comparing of Sesame Oil, Nitroglycerin Ointment, and Aloe Vera Gel on Prevention of Phlebitis Induced by Chemotherapy), which is not on this map. Cited by 395 papers, 15 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
395citing papers in PubMed, 15 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT07346677 phase2not yet recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2026, after this paper: background citation

Comparing of Sesame Oil, Nitroglycerin Ointment, and Aloe Vera Gel on Prevention of Phlebitis Induced by Chemotherapy

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversity of BasrahRan2026 to 2026Enrolled190ConditionsCancer, ChemotherapyArmsSesame Oil, Aloe vera gel, Control, nitroglycerin ointment
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

395 citing papers in PubMed, 15 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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  4. SEOM-GEMCAD-TTD clinical guidelines for localized rectal cancer (2025).Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026
    Guideline
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  16. Trial
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  18. The Landscape of Genomic and Socioeconomic Variables in Patients with Colorectal Cancer Based on Genetic Ancestry.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2026
    Article
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335 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Constance M JohnsonSchool of Nursing and Community and Family Medicine, Duke University, 307 Trent Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
Caimiao Wei
Joe E Ensor
Derek J Smolenski
Christopher I Amos
Bernard Levin
Donald A Berry

Funding

Tumor Evolution and Metastasis ProgramP30CA016672 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF TX MD ANDERSON CAN CTR · PI Fabien Delerue · 1985 to 2026
$290.8M
P4 -TARGETING MULTIPLE MYELOMA BY COMBINING CDK INHIBITORS AND BCL-2 ANTAGONISTSP50CA142509 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF TX MD ANDERSON CAN CTR · PI KWAK, LARRY W · 2010 to 2014
$11.1M
NCI NIH HHS P30 CA016672NCI NIH HHS P50 CA142509
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeDemographic, behavioral, and environmental factors have been associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). We reviewed the published evidence and explored associations between risk factors and CRC incidence.

methodsWe identified 12 established non-screening CRC risk factors and performed a comprehensive review and meta-analyses to quantify each factor's impact on CRC risk. We used random-effects models of the logarithms of risks across studies: inverse-variance weighted averages for dichotomous factors and generalized least squares for dose-response for multi-level factors.

resultsSignificant risk factors include inflammatory bowel disease (RR = 2.93, 95 % CI 1.79-4.81); CRC history in first-degree relative (RR = 1.80, 95 % CI 1.61-2.02); body mass index (BMI) to overall population (RR = 1.10 per 8 kg/m(2) increase, 95 % CI 1.08-1.12); physical activity (RR = 0.88, 95 % CI 0.86-0.91 for 2 standard deviations increased physical activity score); cigarette smoking (RR = 1.06, 95 % CI 1.03-1.08 for 5 pack-years); and consumption of red meat (RR = 1.13, 95 % CI 1.09-1.16 for 5 servings/week), fruit (RR = 0.85, 95 % CI 0.75-0.96 for 3 servings/day), and vegetables (RR = 0.86, 95 % CI 0.78-0.94 for 5 servings/day).

conclusionsWe developed a comprehensive risk modeling strategy that incorporates multiple effects to predict an individual's risk of developing CRC. Inflammatory bowel disease and history of CRC in first-degree relatives are associated with much higher risk of CRC. Increased BMI, red meat intake, cigarette smoking, low physical activity, low vegetable consumption, and low fruit consumption were associated with moderately increased risk of CRC.

Indexed as

AnalgesicsColorectal NeoplasmsDietFruitHormone Replacement TherapyHumansInflammatory Bowel DiseasesMeatMotor ActivityRisk FactorsSurveys and QuestionnairesUnited StatesAnalgesics

Identifiers

PMID23563998
PMCPMC4161278

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.