ArticleRNA biology2013
The tracrRNA and Cas9 families of type II CRISPR-Cas immunity systems.
Article in RNA biology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 196 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
196 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 369 citations in OpenAlex.
- Engineering CRISPR guide RNAs for programmable RNA sensors.Biochemical Society transactions · 2023Pooled it
- CRISPR/Cas-Based Modifications for Therapeutic Applications: A Review.Molecular biotechnology · 2022Pooled it
- CRISPRing through time: How cutting-edge technology is revolutionizing life sciences and medicine.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Review
- Nanoengineering Systems for Gene Therapy: Mechanisms, Modalities, and Future Directions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Associate toxin-antitoxin with CRISPR-Cas to harness (ATTACH) engineered microbes.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Exploring CRISPR-Cas: The transformative impact of gene editing in molecular biology.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2025Review
- CRISPR/Cas Technology for the Diagnosis of Animal Infectious Diseases.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- TIGR-Tas and the Expanding Universe of RNA-Guided Genome Editing Systems: A New Era Beyond CRISPR-Cas.Genes · 2025Review
- Optimization of a Cas12a-Driven Synthetic Gene Regulatory Network System.ACS synthetic biology · 2025Article
- Genome Editing in Mouse Embryo Using the CRISPR/Cas12i3 System.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Insights into the compact CRISPR-Cas9d system.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Efforts to Downsize Base Editors for Clinical Applications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Insight into crRNA Processing inInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- From Origin to the Present: Establishment, Mechanism, Evolutions and Biomedical Applications of the CRISPR/Cas-Based Macromolecular System in Brief.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Strategic base modifications refine RNA function and reduce CRISPR-Cas9 off-targets.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- DNA target binding-induced pre-crRNA processing in type II and V CRISPR-Cas systems.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- CRISPR and gene editing technologies for bleeding disorders.Therapeutic advances in hematology · 2025Review
- Cas9-independent tracrRNA cytotoxicity inmicroLife · 2025Article
- CRISPR-Cas technologies in neurodegenerative disorders: mechanistic insights, therapeutic potential, and translational challenges.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Review
- Single-molecule perspectives of CRISPR/Cas systems: target search, recognition, and cleavage.BMB reports · 2025Review
136 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas is a rapidly evolving RNA-mediated adaptive immune system that protects bacteria and archaea against mobile genetic elements. The system relies on the activity of short mature CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) that guide Cas protein(s) to silence invading nucleic acids. A set of CRISPR-Cas, type II, requires a trans-activating small RNA, tracrRNA, for maturation of precursor crRNA (pre-crRNA) and interference with invading sequences. Following co-processing of tracrRNA and pre-crRNA by RNase III, dual-tracrRNA:crRNA guides the CRISPR-associated endonuclease Cas9 (Csn1) to cleave site-specifically cognate target DNA. Here, we screened available genomes for type II CRISPR-Cas loci by searching for Cas9 orthologs. We analyzed 75 representative loci, and for 56 of them we predicted novel tracrRNA orthologs. Our analysis demonstrates a high diversity in cas operon architecture and position of the tracrRNA gene within CRISPR-Cas loci. We observed a correlation between locus heterogeneity and Cas9 sequence diversity, resulting in the identification of various type II CRISPR-Cas subgroups. We validated the expression and co-processing of predicted tracrRNAs and pre-crRNAs by RNA sequencing in five bacterial species. This study reveals tracrRNA family as an atypical, small RNA family with no obvious conservation of structure, sequence or localization within type II CRISPR-Cas loci. The tracrRNA family is however characterized by the conserved feature to base-pair to cognate pre-crRNA repeats, an essential function for crRNA maturation and DNA silencing by dual-RNA:Cas9. The large panel of tracrRNA and Cas9 ortholog sequences should constitute a useful database to improve the design of RNA-programmable Cas9 as genome editing tool.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.