ArticleComparative medicine2013
Comparison of vascular leak syndrome in mice treated with IL21 or IL2.
Article in Comparative medicine, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immunotherapy with low-dose IL-2 attenuates vascular injury in mice with diabetic and neovascular retinopathy by restoring the balance between Foxp3Diabetologia · 2025Article
- Intratumoral Injectable Redox-Responsive Immune Niche Improves the Abscopal Effect in Radiotherapy.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2025Article
- Enhanced abscopal anti-tumor response via a triple combination of thermal ablation, IL-21, and PD-1 inhibition therapy.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2024Article
- A T cell receptor β chain-directed antibody fusion molecule activates and expands subsets of T cells to promote antitumor activity.Science translational medicine · 2023Article
- CU06-1004 as a promising strategy to improve anti-cancer drug efficacy by preventing vascular leaky syndrome.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Article
- The application of Interleukin-2 family cytokines in tumor immunotherapy research.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Advances in the Application of Nanomaterials to the Treatment of Melanoma.Pharmaceutics · 2022Review
- Neoadjuvant STING Activation, Extended Half-life IL2, and Checkpoint Blockade Promote Metastasis Clearance via Sustained NK-cell Activation.Cancer immunology research · 2022Article
- Exploring the Pathogenic Role and Therapeutic Implications of Interleukin 2 in Autoimmune Hepatitis.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2021Review
- The Right Partner in Crime: Unlocking the Potential of the Anti-EGFR Antibody CetuximabFrontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Clinical Cutaneous Features of Patients Infected With SARS-CoV-2 Hospitalized for Pneumonia: A Cross-sectional Study.Open forum infectious diseases · 2020Article
- Adrenomedullin surges are linked to acute episodes of the systemic capillary leak syndrome (Clarkson disease).Journal of leukocyte biology · 2018Article
- Pretransplant Levels of CRP and Interleukin-6 Family Cytokines; Effects on Outcome after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2016Article
- Activation of the IL-2 Receptor in Podocytes: A Potential Mechanism for Podocyte Injury in Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome?PloS one · 2016Article
- IL-21 Signaling in Immunity.F1000Research · 2016Review
- IL-21: a pleiotropic cytokine with potential applications in oncology.Journal of immunology research · 2015Review
- Interleukin-21: a double-edged sword with therapeutic potential.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2014Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Interleukin 21 (IL21) is a T-cell-derived 4-helix-bundle cytokine that has sequence homology to the IL2 family. Recombinant human interleukin 2 (rIL2) is approved for the treatment of metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. However, toxicity of rIL2, including induction of vascular leak syndrome (VLS), has limited use of this cytokine to a small proportion of eligible patients. Both rIL2 and murine IL21 (mIL21) have potent antitumor efficacy in murine models. The purpose of the current study was to compare the ability of mIL21 and rIL2 to induce vascular leakage in a mouse model. Pulmonary and hepatic uptake of Evans blue dye, serum cytokine levels, spleen cell immunophenotype, and histologic changes in lung and liver were evaluated to detect VLS. High-dose (200 μg) rIL2 treatment induced vascular leakage in mice, evidenced by inflammatory cell infiltration and fluid extravasation into the lung and liver and increased levels of TNFα, IFNγ, IL5, MCP1, and IL6 in serum. In contrast, an equivalent dose of mIL21 resulted in minimal vascular leakage with no evidence of cytopenia or cytokine production. These results support the use of IL21 as a cancer immunotherapeutic agent, potentially providing an antitumor response without induction of VLS.
Indexed as
Identifiers
23561933PMC3567372W1800725368What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.