ArticlePloS one2013
The chemotherapeutic agent DMXAA as a unique IRF3-dependent type-2 vaccine adjuvant.
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparative molecular, innate, and adaptive impacts of chemically diverse STING agonists.Vaccine · 2025Review
- Progress Update on STING Agonists as Vaccine Adjuvants.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Picrasidine S Induces cGAS-Mediated Cellular Immune Response as a Novel Vaccine Adjuvant.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Article
- Vaccination with a combination of STING agonist-loaded lipid nanoparticles and CpG-ODNs protects against lung metastasis via the induction of CD11bExperimental hematology & oncology · 2024Article
- 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA), a partial STING agonist, competes for human STING activation.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- C9ORF72 suppresses JAK-STAT mediated inflammation.iScience · 2023Article
- Manganese salts function as potent adjuvants.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2021Article
- Co-administration of 2'3'-cGAMP STING activator and CpG-C adjuvants with a mutated form of HPV 16 E7 protein leads to tumor growth inhibition in the mouse model.Infectious agents and cancer · 2021Article
- Article
- Cyclic GMP-AMP Triggers Asthma in an IL-33-Dependent Manner That Is Blocked by Amlexanox, a TBK1 Inhibitor.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Article
- A small-molecule IRF3 agonist functions as an influenza vaccine adjuvant by modulating the antiviral immune response.Vaccine · 2017Article
- Crosstalk between Cytoplasmic RIG-I and STING Sensing Pathways.Trends in immunology · 2017Review
- Vaccine adjuvants as potential cancer immunotherapeutics.International immunology · 2016Review
- Characterization of a Novel Human-Specific STING Agonist that Elicits Antiviral Activity Against Emerging Alphaviruses.PLoS pathogens · 2015Article
- TLR9 and STING agonists synergistically induce innate and adaptive type-II IFN.European journal of immunology · 2015Article
- Article
- DNA vaccines: a simple DNA sensing matter?Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2013Review
- The STING agonist DMXAA triggers a cooperation between T lymphocytes and myeloid cells that leads to tumor regression.OncoimmunologyArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
5,6-Dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA), a potent type I interferon (IFN) inducer, was evaluated as a chemotherapeutic agent in mouse cancer models and proved to be well tolerated in human cancer clinical trials. Despite its multiple biological functions, DMXAA has not been fully characterized for the potential application as a vaccine adjuvant. In this report, we show that DMXAA does act as an adjuvant due to its unique property as a soluble innate immune activator. Using OVA as a model antigen, DMXAA was demonstrated to improve on the antigen specific immune responses and induce a preferential Th2 (Type-2) response. The adjuvant effect was directly dependent on the IRF3-mediated production of type-I-interferon, but not IL-33. DMXAA could also enhance the immunogenicity of influenza split vaccine which led to significant increase in protective responses against live influenza virus challenge in mice compared to split vaccine alone. We propose that DMXAA can be used as an adjuvant that targets a specific innate immune signaling pathway via IRF3 for potential applications including vaccines against influenza which requires a high safety profile.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.