ArticlePLoS pathogens2013
Kinetics of coinfection with influenza A virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 131 papers.
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Who cites it
131 citing papers in PubMed.
- Heterogeneous shedding of influenza by human subjects and its implications for epidemiology and control.Scientific reports · 2016Trial
- Clinical trial simulation of antiviral drugs.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- Influenza A Virus Coinfection AltersbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Disease modulation by TIV vaccination during secondary pneumococcal infections in influenza-infected mice.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- The temporal sequence of influenza H1N1 andFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Comparative progress on the mechanisms of airway mucosal injury induced by different pathogens: SARS-CoV-2, influenza A virus, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- From Bird Viremia to Bird Surveillance: Identifiability in a Multiscale Vector-Borne Model of Usutu Virus Infection.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Disease modulation by TIV vaccination during secondary pneumococcal infections in influenza-infected mice.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Type I Interferon Targets Alveolar Macrophages to Promote Bacterial Pneumonia after Viral Infection.American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology · 2025Article
- Temporal Changes in Nasopharyngeal Pneumococcal Colonization Density Associated With Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Influenza in a South African Household Cohort Study, 2016-2018.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Understanding the Molecular Interactions Between Influenza A Virus andPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Characteristics of adults with influenza A virus pneumonia and co-infections identified by mNGS in Jilin, China during 2024-2025.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Estimating the distribution of parameters in differential equations with repeated cross-sectional data.PLoS computational biology · 2024Article
- A systematic review and guide for using multi-response statistical models in co-infection research.Royal Society open science · 2024Article
- Article
- Mathematical Modeling Suggests That Monocyte Activity May Drive Sex Disparities during Influenza Infection.Viruses · 2024Article
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Influenza Infections in Children in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, 2015-2021.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2024Article
- A bacterial vesicle-based pneumococcal vaccine against influenza-mediated secondary Streptococcus pneumoniae pulmonary infection.Mucosal immunology · 2024Article
- H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus Downregulates FcRY Expression in Chicken Macrophage Cell Line HD11 by Activating the JNK MAPK Pathway.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- The Increase in Invasive Bacterial Infections With Respiratory Transmission in Germany, 2022/2023.Deutsches Arzteblatt international · 2024Observational
71 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Secondary bacterial infections are a leading cause of illness and death during epidemic and pandemic influenza. Experimental studies suggest a lethal synergism between influenza and certain bacteria, particularly Streptococcus pneumoniae, but the precise processes involved are unclear. To address the mechanisms and determine the influences of pathogen dose and strain on disease, we infected groups of mice with either the H1N1 subtype influenza A virus A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8) or a version expressing the 1918 PB1-F2 protein (PR8-PB1-F2(1918)), followed seven days later with one of two S. pneumoniae strains, type 2 D39 or type 3 A66.1. We determined that, following bacterial infection, viral titers initially rebound and then decline slowly. Bacterial titers rapidly rise to high levels and remain elevated. We used a kinetic model to explore the coupled interactions and study the dominant controlling mechanisms. We hypothesize that viral titers rebound in the presence of bacteria due to enhanced viral release from infected cells, and that bacterial titers increase due to alveolar macrophage impairment. Dynamics are affected by initial bacterial dose but not by the expression of the influenza 1918 PB1-F2 protein. Our model provides a framework to investigate pathogen interaction during coinfections and to uncover dynamical differences based on inoculum size and strain.
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