ArticlePLoS pathogens2013
TIM-family proteins promote infection of multiple enveloped viruses through virion-associated phosphatidylserine.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 233 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
233 citing papers in PubMed, 345 citations in OpenAlex.
- Direct Infection of B Cells by Dengue Virus Modulates B Cell Responses in a Cambodian Pediatric Cohort.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Trial
- Research progress on the role of host factors in Chikungunya virus infection and intervention strategies.Virulence · 2026Review
- TIM-1 promotes infection with mosquito cell-derived alphaviruses through virion-associated phospholipids.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- Multi-omics dissection of metabolic hijacking: Infectious bronchitis virus orchestrates lipid-centric replication through PPAR-TGF-β crosstalk.Virulence · 2026Article
- Ross River virus transmission, infection, and disease: two and a half decades of research progress-an updated cross-disciplinary review.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- Review
- Cellular receptors and host factors mediating orthoflavivirus entry.Virology journal · 2026Review
- LRP4 is an entry receptor for multiple encephalitic alphaviruses.Nature communications · 2026Article
- CD164 is an endolysomal host factor for entry of Clade A New World Arenaviruses.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Periodontitis Primes the Oral Microenvironment for PS-Dependent Non-Canonical Entry Pathways Linked to SARS-CoV-2 Susceptibility.Research square · 2026Article
- GM-CSF and M-CSF Driven Differentiation Differentially Regulates Chikungunya Virus Infection and Antiviral Responses in Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Article
- Article
- The TIM-3/Gal-9 Pathway: A Promising Therapeutic Target for Regulation of Immune Checkpoint in Rheumatoid Arthritis.Current rheumatology reviews · 2026Review
- Cellular Biology: Virus-Host Interactions and RNA Structure and Function.Current topics in microbiology and immunology · 2026Review
- Article
- Ebola's hidden front: Neurological involvement and pathogenesis.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Review
- Variation in virion phosphatidylserine content drives differential GAS6 binding among closely related flaviviruses.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Optimized arenaviruses with tumor-tropic mutations promote safe anti-tumor efficacy via sustainable immune modulatory properties.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Article
173 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Human T-cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin-domain containing proteins (TIM1, 3, and 4) specifically bind phosphatidylserine (PS). TIM1 has been proposed to serve as a cellular receptor for hepatitis A virus and Ebola virus and as an entry factor for dengue virus. Here we show that TIM1 promotes infection of retroviruses and virus-like particles (VLPs) pseudotyped with a range of viral entry proteins, in particular those from the filovirus, flavivirus, New World arenavirus and alphavirus families. TIM1 also robustly enhanced the infection of replication-competent viruses from the same families, including dengue, Tacaribe, Sindbis and Ross River viruses. All interactions between TIM1 and pseudoviruses or VLPs were PS-mediated, as demonstrated with liposome blocking and TIM1 mutagenesis experiments. In addition, other PS-binding proteins, such as Axl and TIM4, promoted infection similarly to TIM1. Finally, the blocking of PS receptors on macrophages inhibited the entry of Ebola VLPs, suggesting that PS receptors can contribute to infection in physiologically relevant cells. Notably, infection mediated by the entry proteins of Lassa fever virus, influenza A virus and SARS coronavirus was largely unaffected by TIM1 expression. Taken together our data show that TIM1 and related PS-binding proteins promote infection of diverse families of enveloped viruses, and may therefore be useful targets for broad-spectrum antiviral therapies.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.