Trial reportCancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.)2013
Human breast tissue disposition and bioactivity of limonene in women with early-stage breast cancer.
Trial report in Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.), 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 130 citations in OpenAlex.
- Feasibility and acceptability of a beverage intervention for Hispanic adults: results from a pilot randomized controlled trial.Public health nutrition · 2019Trial
- Leveraging the developmental neurotoxicityFrontiers in toxicology · 2026Article
- Recent insights in the importance of limonene and its biotransformed value added compounds.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2025Review
- Article
- Phytochemicals in Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy: Mechanisms, Efficacy, and Future Prospects.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Review
- Global trends and biological activity hotspots of D-limonene in essential oils: a 30-year bibliometric study.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Article
- Edible Flowers in Modern Gastronomy: A Study of Their Volatilomic Fingerprint and Potential Health Benefits.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Clinically proven natural products against breast cancer, with mechanistic insights.Oncology research · 2025Review
- Exploring the Therapeutic Potential for Breast Cancer of Phytochemicals and Secondary Metabolites in Marjoram, Thyme, and Persimmon.Metabolites · 2024Review
- Pyrolysis ofPolymers · 2022Article
- Proximal discrepancy in intrinsic atomic interaction arrests G2/M phase by inhibiting Cyclin B1/CDK1 to infer molecular and cellular biocompatibility of D-limonene.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Classification of Japanese Pepper (Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Kumquat essential oil decreases proliferation and activates JNK signaling and apoptosis in HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2022Article
- An overview of the chemical composition and biological activities of essential oils fromRSC advances · 2021Review
- Effect of d-limonene and its derivatives on breast cancer in human trials: a scoping review and narrative synthesis.BMC cancer · 2021Article
- Relationship between Volatile Composition and Bioactive Potential of Vegetables and Fruits of Regular Consumption-An Integrative Approach.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Effects of the autophagy modulators d-limonene and chloroquine on vimentin levels in SH-SY5Y cells.Biochemical and biophysical research communications · 2020Article
- Forest Volatile Organic Compounds and Their Effects on Human Health: A State-of-the-Art Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Review
- Bioactive Natural Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils from Spice Plants: New Findings and Potential Applications.Biomolecules · 2020Review
- Terpenoids as Potential Geroprotectors.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Limonene is a bioactive food component found in citrus peel oil that has shown chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activities in preclinical studies. We conducted an open-label pilot clinical study to determine the human breast tissue disposition of limonene and its associated bioactivity. We recruited 43 women with newly diagnosed operable breast cancer electing to undergo surgical excision to take 2 grams of limonene daily for two to six weeks before surgery. Blood and breast tissue were collected to determine drug/metabolite concentrations and limonene-induced changes in systemic and tissue biomarkers of breast cancer risk or carcinogenesis. Limonene was found to preferentially concentrate in the breast tissue, reaching high tissue concentration (mean = 41.3 μg/g tissue), whereas the major active circulating metabolite, perillic acid, did not concentrate in the breast tissue. Limonene intervention resulted in a 22% reduction in cyclin D1 expression (P = 0.002) in tumor tissue but minimal changes in tissue Ki67 and cleaved caspase-3 expression. No significant changes in serum leptin, adiponectin, TGF-β1, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were observed following limonene intervention. There was a small but statistically significant postintervention increase in insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) levels. We conclude that limonene distributed extensively to human breast tissue and reduced breast tumor cyclin D1 expression that may lead to cell-cycle arrest and reduced cell proliferation. Furthermore, placebo-controlled clinical trials and translational research are warranted to establish limonene's role for breast cancer prevention or treatment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.