ArticleThe Journal of biological chemistry2013
Hemolymph melanization in the silkmoth Bombyx mori involves formation of a high molecular mass complex that metabolizes tyrosine.
Article in The Journal of biological chemistry, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
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29 citing papers in PubMed, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
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- CLIPB4 Is a Central Node in the Protease Network that Regulates Humoral Immunity in Anopheles gambiae Mosquitoes.Journal of innate immunity · 2023Article
- Analytical validation of a portable human Accu-Chek glucometer in honeybee hemolymph.Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc · 2022Article
- Haemocyte-mediated immunity in insects: Cells, processes and associated components in the fight against pathogens and parasites.Immunology · 2021Review
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- Mulberry Protection through Flowering-Stage Essential Oil ofFoods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Efficiency of RNA interference is improved by knockdown of dsRNA nucleases in tephritid fruit flies.Open biology · 2019Article
- Hemocyte Changes During Immune Melanization inInsects · 2019Article
- Plant Volatiles Modulate Immune Responses of Spodoptera litura.Journal of chemical ecology · 2019Article
- Nucleation and Formation of a Primary Clot in Insect Blood.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Iron-polyphenol complexes cause blackening upon grinding Hermetia illucens (black soldier fly) larvae.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Clip domain prophenoloxidase activating protease is required for Ostrinia furnacalis Guenée to defend against bacterial infection.Developmental and comparative immunology · 2018Article
- Activation of Aedes aegypti prophenoloxidase-3 and its role in the immune response against entomopathogenic fungi.Insect molecular biology · 2017Article
- Hemolymph proteins of Anopheles gambiae larvae infected by Escherichia coli.Developmental and comparative immunology · 2017Article
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The phenoloxidase (PO) cascade regulates the melanization of blood (hemolymph) in insects and other arthropods. Most studies indicate that microbial elicitors activate the PO cascade, which results in processing of the zymogen PPO to PO. PO is then thought to oxidize tyrosine and o-diphenols to quinones, which leads to melanin. However, different lines of investigation raise questions as to whether these views are fully correct. Here we report that hemolymph from the silkmoth, Bombyx mori, rapidly melanizes after collection from a wound site. Prior studies indicated that in vitro activated PPO hydroxylates Tyr inefficiently. Measurement of in vivo substrate titers, however, suggested that Tyr was the only PO substrate initially present in B. mori plasma and that it is rapidly metabolized by PO. Fractionation of plasma by gel filtration chromatography followed by bioassays indicated that melanization activity was primarily associated with a high mass complex (~670 kDa) that contained PO. The prophenoloxidase-activating protease inhibitor Egf1.0 blocked formation of this complex and Tyr metabolism, but the addition of phenylthiourea to plasma before fractionation enhanced complex formation and Tyr metabolism. Mass spectrometry analysis indicated that the complex contained PO plus other proteins. Taken together, our results indicate that wounding alone activates the PO cascade in B. mori. They also suggest that complex formation is required for efficient use of Tyr as a substrate.
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