ArticleEuropean radiology2013
CEM43°C thermal dose thresholds: a potential guide for magnetic resonance radiofrequency exposure levels?
Article in European radiology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 139 papers.
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Who cites it
139 citing papers in PubMed.
- Intramuscular Heating Characteristics of Multihour Low-Intensity Therapeutic Ultrasound.Journal of athletic training · 2015Trial
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- Radio Frequency Exposure in Military Contexts: A Narrative Review of Thermal Effects and Safety Considerations.Military medicine · 2026Review
- Assessment of MR-Induced Heating Effects in Four Common Veterinary Implants at 1.5 and 3.0 T: A Phantom Study.Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association · 2026Article
- A Framework for Short-Range Wireless Power and Data Transfer in Miniaturized High-Power, High-Bandwidth Implants.Micromachines · 2026Review
- A novel 7.5 single-use flexible ureteroscope with in-built temperature and pressure sensors: Is there a limit to reliability and safety? An in vivo experimental study.World journal of urology · 2026Article
- ROS-Balancing MXene/MoSeSmall (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Article
- Rethinking photosensitization in therapy and sun protection.Chemical science · 2026Review
- Single twistable tendon-driven continuum robots.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Iron-based magnetic nanoplatforms for immune microenvironment remodeling and cancer immunotherapy: progress and prospects.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Applications of transcranial focused ultrasound for primary brain tumors.Neuro-oncology advances · 2026Review
- Model Predictive Filtering MR Temperature Imaging for Laser-Induced Interstitial Thermotherapy.Magnetic resonance in medicine · 2026Article
- Thermal safety during retrograde intrarenal surgery and laser lithotripsy. Changes of intrarenal temperature while using direct-in-scope-suction : an in-vitro study by young academic urologists and EAU endourology sections.World journal of urology · 2026Article
- Regression of central sensitization after bilateral focused ultrasound medial thalamotomies in atypical orofacial pain? - a case report.BMC neurology · 2026Article
- Thermal Damage to the Skin From 5.6 GHz Microwave Exposures in Swine.Bioelectromagnetics · 2026Article
- Targeted hyperthermia therapy (THT) using gold nanorods remodels the tumor microenvironment to sensitize murine microsatellite-stable colorectal cancer to immune checkpoint blockade.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Tailorable Curie Temperature in Zinc Ferrite Nanoparticles With Finely Tunable Induction Heating Profiles Between Room Temperature and 250°C.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Article
- In vivo Raman spectroscopy for real-time biochemical assessment of tissue pathology and physiology.Nature protocols · 2026Review
- Defining the safe operational window for holmium laser lithotripsy in impacted ureteral stones: an analysis of power, operator duty cycle, and irrigation flow.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Targeted radio-thermo dual sensitizer magnetic gold core-shells nanoparticles enhance radioresistant glioblastoma via promoting apoptosis and ROS generation.Cancer cell international · 2026Article
79 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo define thresholds of safe local temperature increases for MR equipment that exposes patients to radiofrequency fields of high intensities for long duration. These MR systems induce heterogeneous energy absorption patterns inside the body and can create localised hotspots with a risk of overheating.
methodsThe MRI + EUREKA research consortium organised a "Thermal Workshop on RF Hotspots". The available literature on thresholds for thermal damage and the validity of the thermal dose (TD) model were discussed. RESULTS/
conclusionsThe following global TD threshold guidelines for safe use of MR are proposed: 1. All persons: maximum local temperature of any tissue limited to 39 °C 2. Persons with compromised thermoregulation AND (a) Uncontrolled conditions: maximum local temperature limited to 39 °C (b) Controlled conditions: TD < 2 CEM43°C 3. Persons with uncompromised thermoregulation AND (a) Uncontrolled conditions: TD < 2 CEM43°C (b) Controlled conditions: TD < 9 CEM43°C The following definitions are applied: Controlled conditions A medical doctor or a dedicated trained person can respond instantly to heat-induced physiological stress Compromised thermoregulation All persons with impaired systemic or reduced local thermoregulation KEY POINTS: • Standard MRI can cause local heating by radiofrequency absorption. • Monitoring thermal dose (in units of CEM43°C) can control risk during MRI. • 9 CEM43°C seems an acceptable thermal dose threshold for most patients. • For skin, muscle, fat and bone,16 CEM43°C is likely acceptable.
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