ArticleInfluenza and other respiratory viruses2013
Role of human Toll-like receptors in naturally occurring influenza A infections.
Article in Influenza and other respiratory viruses, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers.
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Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed.
- Dual Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Effects of Phytochemicals in Influenza A Virus Infection: Targeting Key Host Signaling Pathways.MicrobiologyOpen · 2026Review
- USP17L13 Enhances Influenza a Virus Replication by Mediating the Degradation of RIG-I and MDA5.Viruses · 2026Article
- Histone Demethylase JMJD2D Suppresses Influenza A Virus Infection by Promoting RIG-I Expression.Biomolecules · 2026Article
- Antiviral potential of diosmin against influenza A virus.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Cytosolic nucleic acid sensing as driver of critical illness: mechanisms and advances in therapy.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- Innate immune sensors and regulators at the blood brain barrier: focus on toll-like receptors and inflammasomes as mediators of neuro-immune crosstalk and inflammation.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Review
- Clinical symptoms, comorbidities and health outcomes among outpatients infected with the common cold coronaviruses versus influenza virus.Virology journal · 2024Article
- Recent Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms of the Toll-like Receptor Response to Influenza Virus Infection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Interferons-Implications in the Immune Response to Respiratory Viruses.Microorganisms · 2023Review
- Antiviral Approaches against Influenza Virus.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2023Review
- Establishment of a porcine bronchial epithelial cell line and its application to study innate immunity in the respiratory epithelium.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Viral infectious diseases severity: co-presence of transcriptionally active microbes (TAMs) can play an integral role for disease severity.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Initial activation of STAT2 induced by IAV infection is critical for innate antiviral immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Review
- Competing Bioaerosols May Influence the Seasonality of Influenza-Like Illnesses, including COVID-19. The Chicago Experience.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Huanglian-Houpo drug combination ameliorates H1N1-induced mouse pneumonia via cytokines, antioxidant factors and TLR/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathways.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2021Article
- Review
- Innate Receptor Activation Patterns Involving TLR and NLR Synergisms in COVID-19, ALI/ARDS and Sepsis Cytokine Storms: A Review and Model Making Novel Predictions and Therapeutic Suggestions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Human Innate Lymphoid Cells in Influenza Infection and Vaccination.Critical reviews in immunology · 2021Review
- Chronic E-Cigarette Aerosol Inhalation Alters the Immune State of the Lungs and Increases ACE2 Expression, Raising Concern for Altered Response and Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundWe investigated the roles of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in naturally occurring influenza.
methodsA prospective, case - control study was conducted. Adults hospitalized with virologically confirmed influenza A infections (onset <48 hours, before treatment) were compared with age-/gender-matched controls. TLRs (2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9) expression in monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs - total, myeloid, plasmacytoid) was quantitated using flow cytometry. Gene expression of RLRs (RIG-1, MDA-5) was evaluated using real-time PCR. Concomitant signaling molecules expression, plasma cytokine/chemokine concentrations, and respiratory tract viral loads were measured. PBMCs were cultured and stimulated ex vivo with TLR-specific ligands for cytokine responses.
resultsForty two patients with influenza (24 A/H3N2, 18 A/H1N1pdm09) and 20 controls were studied. Patients' mean age was 68 ± 16 years; 81% had respiratory/cardiovascular complications. There were increased cellular expressions of TLR9, TLR8, TLR3, and TLR7 during influenza; TLR2 and TLR4 were suppressed. Results were similar for both virus strains. Higher TLR expression levels at presentation significantly correlated with lower viral loads (Spearman's rho: -0.46 to -0.69 for TLR9, TLR8, and TLR3; P-values <0.05). Multivariate regression models (adjusted for age, comorbidity, disease severity, time from onset) confirmed their independent associations. Increased signaling molecules (phospho-MAPKs, IκB) and inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, sTNFR-1, CCL2/MCP-1; CXCL10/IP-10, IFN-γ) correlated with increased TLR expression. RLRs were upregulated simultaneously. PBMCs of patients with influenza showed significant, dynamic changes in their cytokine responses upon TLR stimulation, compared with controls.
conclusionsOur results suggest that TLRs play an important role in early, innate viral inhibition in naturally occurring influenza. Inflammatory cytokine responses are concomitantly induced. These findings support investigation of TLR targeting as a novel intervention approach for prophylaxis against influenza.
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