ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2013
Sex-biased gene expression at homomorphic sex chromosomes in emus and its implication for sex chromosome evolution.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 87 papers.
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87 citing papers in PubMed, 163 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Influence of Gonadal and Chromosomal Sex on the Brain Transcriptome in a Mouse Species with Natural Sex Reversal.Molecular biology and evolution · 2025Article
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- Sharks and rays have the oldest vertebrate sex chromosome with unique sex determination mechanisms.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Sex-biased expression of sex-linked transcripts in spiny frogs with homomorphic sex chromosomes.BMC genomics · 2025Article
- The Cause-Effect Model of Master Sex Determination Gene Acquisition and the Evolution of Sex Chromosomes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Beyond Haldane's rule: Sex-biased hybrid dysfunction for all modes of sex determination.eLife · 2024Review
- Evolution and expression patterns of the neo-sex chromosomes of the crested ibis.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Dosage compensation of Z sex chromosome genes in avian fibroblast cells.Genome biology · 2023Article
- Chromatin accessibility, not 5mC methylation covaries with partial dosage compensation in crows.PLoS genetics · 2023Article
- Ancient homomorphy of molluscan sex chromosomes sustained by reversible sex-biased genes and sex determiner translocation.Nature ecology & evolution · 2022Article
- Sex-limited chromosomes and non-reproductive traits.BMC biology · 2022Review
- Data on RNA-seq analysis of the oviducts of five closely related species genusData in brief · 2022Article
- CRISPR/Cas9 mediated sex-ratio distortion by sex specific gene editing inSaudi journal of biological sciences · 2022Article
- A dense linkage map for a large repetitive genome: discovery of the sex-determining region in hybridizing fire-bellied toads (Bombina bombina and Bombina variegata).G3 (Bethesda, Md.) · 2021Article
- Analysis of Sex Chromosome Evolution in the Clade Palaeognathae from Phased Genome Assembly.Genome biology and evolution · 2021Article
- The avian W chromosome is a refugium for endogenous retroviruses with likely effects on female-biased mutational load and genetic incompatibilities.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2021Article
- A brief review of vertebrate sex evolution with a pledge for integrative research: towards 'Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2021Review
27 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
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Abstract
Sex chromosomes originate from autosomes. The accumulation of sexually antagonistic mutations on protosex chromosomes selects for a loss of recombination and sets in motion the evolutionary processes generating heteromorphic sex chromosomes. Recombination suppression and differentiation are generally viewed as the default path of sex chromosome evolution, and the occurrence of old, homomorphic sex chromosomes, such as those of ratite birds, has remained a mystery. Here, we analyze the genome and transcriptome of emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) and confirm that most genes on the sex chromosome are shared between the Z and W. Surprisingly, however, levels of gene expression are generally sex-biased for all sex-linked genes relative to autosomes, including those in the pseudoautosomal region, and the male-bias increases after gonad formation. This expression bias suggests that the emu sex chromosomes have become masculinized, even in the absence of ZW differentiation. Thus, birds may have taken different evolutionary solutions to minimize the deleterious effects imposed by sexually antagonistic mutations: some lineages eliminate recombination along the protosex chromosomes to physically restrict sexually antagonistic alleles to one sex, whereas ratites evolved sex-biased expression to confine the product of a sexually antagonistic allele to the sex it benefits. This difference in conflict resolution may explain the preservation of recombining, homomorphic sex chromosomes in other lineages and illustrates the importance of sexually antagonistic mutations driving the evolution of sex chromosomes.
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