ArticleThe American journal of psychiatry2013
Effects of pharmacologically induced hypogonadism on mood and behavior in healthy young women.
Article in The American journal of psychiatry, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04225221 (Ovarian Hormones, Reward Response, and Binge Eating in Bulimia Nervosa), which is not on this map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Ovarian Hormones, Reward Response, and Binge Eating in Bulimia Nervosa: An Experimental Design
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Women Undergoing Hormonal Treatments for Infertility: A Systematic Review on Psychopathology and Newly Diagnosed Mood and Psychotic Disorders.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2020Pooled it
- Affective Sensitivity to Ovarian Steroid Hormone Flux Across the Menstrual Cycle: Manifestations and Biopsychosocial Risk Factors.Annual review of clinical psychology · 2026Review
- Association of GnRH agonists with depression and suicide/self-injury: a FAERS pharmacovigilance study.Endocrine connections · 2026Article
- Dimensional Affective Sensitivity to Hormones across the Menstrual Cycle (DASH-MC): A transdiagnostic framework for ovarian steroid influences on psychopathology.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Review
- Article
- The association between hormones and antipsychotic use: a focus on postpartum and menopausal women.Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology · 2019Review
- Perimenstrual exacerbation of symptoms in borderline personality disorder: evidence from multilevel models and the Carolina Premenstrual Assessment Scoring System.Psychological medicine · 2018Article
- The ESC/E(Z) complex, an effector of response to ovarian steroids, manifests an intrinsic difference in cells from women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder.Molecular psychiatry · 2017Article
- Impact of estrogen receptor α gene and oxytocin receptor gene polymorphisms on female sexuality.Endocrine connections · 2017Article
- Independent Contributions of Nocturnal Hot Flashes and Sleep Disturbance to Depression in Estrogen-Deprived Women.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2016Article
- Sex differences in visuospatial abilities persist during induced hypogonadism.Neuropsychologia · 2016Article
- Sex hormones and mood in the perimenopause.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2009Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThe relationship between depression and estrogen withdrawal remains controversial. The authors examined the effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist-induced ovarian suppression on mood, sleep, sexual function, and nighttime hot flushes. They focused on whether participating women experienced clinically significant depressive symptoms and whether specific symptoms associated with hypogonadism (nighttime hot flushes and disturbed sleep) increased susceptibility to depression.
methodParticipants were 72 healthy premenopausal women, ages 19-52 years, with no current or past axis I psychiatric diagnosis or gynecological or other medical illness. After 2 months of baseline screening, women received monthly injections of leuprolide acetate (3.75 mg) for 2-3 months. Outcomes were measured using the Beck depression inventory (BDI) and a daily rating scale measuring the severity of several affective and behavioral symptoms. Data were analyzed by repeated-measures analysis of variance using PROC MIXED (for mixed models).
resultsBDI scores ≥10 were reported in four of the 72 women (5.6%). Relative to baseline, induced hypogonadism was associated with significantly decreased sexual interest, disturbed sleep, and more severe nighttime hot flushes, but no significant change in any mood-related symptom score. Hot flush severity was significantly correlated with disturbed sleep.
conclusionsThese data demonstrate that clinically significant depressive symptoms were rare accompaniments of short-term estradiol withdrawal and induced hypogonadism in healthy premenopausal women. Additionally, neither nighttime hot flushes nor disturbed sleep were sufficient to cause depressive symptoms in hypogonadal women.
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