ArticlePsychological assessment2013
The development and psychometric evaluation of the Smokeless Tobacco Expectancies Scale (STES).
Article in Psychological assessment, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cravings, Control, and Cessation: A Scoping Review of Perceptions of Nicotine Addiction.Current addiction reports · 2025Review
- "Tobacco-free" Nicotine Pouches: Risk Perceptions, Awareness, Susceptibility, and Use Among Young Adults in the United States.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2023Article
- Article
- Application of the Smokeless Tobacco Expectancies Questionnaire to Snus.American journal of health behavior · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Expectancies regarding the effects of various psychoactive substances are important predictors of the initiation and maintenance of substance use. Although measures of outcome expectancies exist for several addictive substances, there is currently no measure to assess smokeless tobacco (ST) expectancies in an adult population. This article presents 2 studies leading to the development and psychometric evaluation of the Smokeless Tobacco Expectancies Scale (STES). Initially, 155 individuals listed all outcomes they expected to occur if they were to use ST products. From these responses, an initial pool of potential STES items was identified. The STES was then administered to 2 samples totaling 813 individuals (265 ST users, 270 cigarette smokers, and 278 nontobacco users). The first study included 315 participants who completed a 68-item measure. An exploratory factor analysis identified 10 items that may account for individuals' ST expectancies. Items loaded on 2 factors: Negative Health Consequences and Positive Reinforcement. A confirmatory factor analysis on an independent sample (n = 498) supported the proposed factor structure. Furthermore, in both samples, the STES accurately discriminated ST users from smokers and nonusers. Findings are discussed in terms of the potential uses of the STES for advancing the understanding of ST use.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.