ArticlePharmaceutical research2013
Non-aqueous suspensions of antibodies are much less viscous than equally concentrated aqueous solutions.
Article in Pharmaceutical research, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Recent Advances in Particle Design for High-Concentration Protein Suspension Injectables.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- High-Concentration Antibody Formulation via Solvent-Based Dehydration.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Article
- S.C. delivery of ultra-high concentration (up to 500 mg/mL) protein microparticle suspensions: pharmacokinetics, efficacy, biodistribution, and immunogenicity.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Article
- Stability of Protein Pharmaceuticals: Recent Advances.Pharmaceutical research · 2024Review
- Comparison of Strategies in Development and Manufacturing of Low Viscosity, Ultra-High Concentration Formulation for IgG1 Antibody.Journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2020Article
- Injectable Hydrogels for Cancer Therapy over the Last Decade.Pharmaceutics · 2019Review
- Advanced protein formulations.Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society · 2015Review
- Article
- Concentration dependent viscosity of monoclonal antibody solutions: explaining experimental behavior in terms of molecular properties.Pharmaceutical research · 2014Article
- Discovery of a chemical modification by citric acid in a recombinant monoclonal antibody.Analytical chemistry · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
purposeThe aim of this study was to markedly lower the viscosities of highly concentrated protein, in particular antibody, formulations. An effective approach elaborated herein for γ-globulin and a monoclonal antibody is to replace aqueous solutions with equimolar suspensions in neat organic solvents.
methodsViscosities of aqueous solutions and non-aqueous suspensions of the model protein bovine γ-globulin and a murine monoclonal antibody were examined under a variety of experimental conditions. In addition, protein particle sizes were measured using dynamic light scattering and light microscopy.
resultsConcentrated suspensions of amorphous γ-globulin powders (up to 300 mg/mL, composed of multi-micron-sized particles) in absolute ethanol and a number of other organic solvents were found to have viscosities up to 38 times lower than the corresponding aqueous solutions. Monoclonal antibody follows the same general trend. Additionally, the higher the protein concentration and lower the temperature, the greater the viscosity benefit of a suspension over a solution.
conclusionsThe viscosities of concentrated γ-globulin and monoclonal antibody suspensions in organic solvents are drastically reduced compared to the corresponding aqueous solutions; the magnitude of this reduction depends on the solvent, particularly its hydrogen-bonding properties.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.