ArticleBone2013
Muscle loading is necessary for the formation of a functional tendon enthesis.
Article in Bone, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 77 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
77 citing papers in PubMed, 146 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of Mechanical Loading on the Structure and Function of the Achilles Tendon: From Homeostatic Adaptation to Pathological Degeneration.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2026Review
- Denosumab therapy is associated with a reduced risk of clinically diagnosed rotator cuff tears: a multi-institutional real-world cohort study.Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2026Article
- Identification of a new population of TnnBone research · 2026Article
- Functional anatomy of entheses and enthesis organs: A celebration of Professor Mike Benjamin's contribution to enthesis biology.Journal of anatomy · 2026Review
- Analysis of cranial tenocyte heterogeneity reveals a role for Wnt signaling in tendon attachments.Development (Cambridge, England) · 2026Article
- An interfacial hydrogel compartment within a multicompartment tendon-to-bone scaffold influences cell behavior under cyclic tensile loading.Regenerative biomaterials · 2026Article
- The effects of primary cilia-mediated mechanical stimulation on nestinJournal of advanced research · 2025Article
- The P2X7R/NLRP3 inflammasome axis suppresses enthesis regeneration through inflammatory and metabolic macrophage-stem cell cross-talk.Science advances · 2025Article
- Muscle loading and endochondral ossification are involved in the regeneration of a fibrocartilaginous enthesis during tendon to bone healing in rabbits.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2025Article
- Tendon regeneration deserves better: focused review onFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2025Review
- Decoding the mechanical characteristics of the human anterior cruciate ligament entheses through graduated mineralization interfaces.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Electrospinning technology: a promising approach for tendon-bone interface tissue engineering.RSC advances · 2024Review
- Article
- Interfacial Tissue Regeneration with Bone.Current osteoporosis reports · 2024Review
- A role for TGFβ signaling in Gli1+ tendon and enthesis cells.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2024Article
- Characterization of the mechanical properties of the mouse Achilles tendon enthesis by microindentation. Effects of unloading and subsequent reloading.Bone reports · 2024Article
- ENPP1 downregulation and FGF23 upregulation in growth-related calcification of the tibial tuberosity in rats.Journal of anatomy · 2024Article
- LeveragingFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2024Review
- Mechanical force regulates Sox9 expression at the developing enthesis.Development (Cambridge, England) · 2023Article
- Mesenchymal stem cells: An efficient cell therapy for tendon repair (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2023Review
17 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Muscle forces are essential for skeletal patterning during development. Eliminating muscle forces, e.g., through paralysis, leads to bone and joint deformities. Botulinum toxin (BtxA)-induced paralysis of mouse rotator cuffs throughout postnatal development closely mimics neonatal brachial plexus palsy, a significant clinical condition in infants. In these mice, the tendon-to-bone attachment (i.e., the tendon enthesis) presents defects in mineral accumulation and fibrocartilage formation, presumably impairing the function of the tissue. The objective of the current study was to investigate the functional consequences of muscle unloading using BtxA on the developing supraspinatus tendon enthesis. We found that the maximum endurable load and stiffness of the supraspinatus tendon attachment decreased after four and eight weeks of post-natal BtxA-muscle unloading relative to controls. Tendon cross-sectional area was not significantly reduced by BtxA-unloading, while, strength, modulus, and toughness were decreased in the BtxA-unloaded group compared to controls, indicating a decrease in tissue quality. Polarized-light microscopy and Raman microprobe analysis were used to determine collagen fiber alignment and mineral characteristics, respectively, in the tendon enthesis that might contribute to the reduced biomechanical performance in BtxA-unloaded shoulders. Collagen fiber alignment was significantly reduced in BtxA-unloaded shoulders. The mineral-to-matrix ratio in mineralized fibrocartilage was not affected by loading. However, the crystallographic atomic order of the hydroxylapatite phase (a measure of crystallinity) was reduced and the amount of carbonate (substituting for phosphate) in the hydroxylapatite crystals was increased. Taken together, these micrometer-scale structural and compositional changes partly explain the observed decreases in the mechanical functionality of the tendon enthesis in the absence of muscle loading.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.