ReviewMarine drugs2013
An overview on the marine neurotoxin, saxitoxin: genetics, molecular targets, methods of detection and ecological functions.
Review in Marine drugs, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 95 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
95 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 307 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Cyanopeptide Mixtures Induce Variable Synergistic and Antagonistic Effects Across Diverse Human Cell Lines.Environmental toxicology · 2026Article
- Genomic insights into the taxonomy, safety and biotechnological potential ofMicrobial genomics · 2026Article
- Review
- Article
- Genomic Impacts of Biological Exposures.Journal of developmental biology · 2026Review
- Review
- A comprehensive study on freshwater pufferfishFrontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Combining biocatalytic and radical retrosynthesis for efficient chemoenzymatic synthesis of natural products.Chemical Society reviews · 2025Review
- Microcystin-LR and its health impacts: Chemistry, transmission routes, mechanisms of toxicity and target organs.Toxicology reports · 2025Review
- Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Alaskan Butter Clams: Does Cleaning Make Them Safe to Eat?Toxins · 2025Article
- Airborne Cyanobacterial Toxins and Their Links to Neurodegenerative Diseases.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Review
- Genomic Identification and Characterization of Saxitoxin Producing Cyanobacteria in Western Lake Erie Harmful Algal Blooms.Environmental science & technology · 2025Article
- Tetrodotoxin Delivery Pen Safely Uses Potent Natural Neurotoxin to Manage Severe Cutaneous Pain.Advanced healthcare materials · 2025Article
- Isolation and Characterization of Photosensitive Hemolytic Toxins from the Mixotrophic DinoflagellateMarine drugs · 2025Article
- Simultaneous Multiclass Analysis of Cyanotoxins in Cyanobacterial Samples Using Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.Journal of separation science · 2025Article
- Revisiting harmful algal blooms in India through a global lens: An integrated framework for enhanced research and monitoring.iScience · 2025Review
- Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Concentrations Measured in Alaskan Arctic Clams Using ELISA and HPLC Methods.Toxins · 2025Article
35 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Marine neurotoxins are natural products produced by phytoplankton and select species of invertebrates and fish. These compounds interact with voltage-gated sodium, potassium and calcium channels and modulate the flux of these ions into various cell types. This review provides a summary of marine neurotoxins, including their structures, molecular targets and pharmacologies. Saxitoxin and its derivatives, collectively referred to as paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), are unique among neurotoxins in that they are found in both marine and freshwater environments by organisms inhabiting two kingdoms of life. Prokaryotic cyanobacteria are responsible for PST production in freshwater systems, while eukaryotic dinoflagellates are the main producers in marine waters. Bioaccumulation by filter-feeding bivalves and fish and subsequent transfer through the food web results in the potentially fatal human illnesses, paralytic shellfish poisoning and saxitoxin pufferfish poisoning. These illnesses are a result of saxitoxin's ability to bind to the voltage-gated sodium channel, blocking the passage of nerve impulses and leading to death via respiratory paralysis. Recent advances in saxitoxin research are discussed, including the molecular biology of toxin synthesis, new protein targets, association with metal-binding motifs and methods of detection. The eco-evolutionary role(s) PSTs may serve for phytoplankton species that produce them are also discussed.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.