ArticlePloS one2013
Observational study of vaccine efficacy 24 years after the start of hepatitis B vaccination in two Gambian villages: no need for a booster dose.
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 64 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 144 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review reveals that African children of 15-17 years demonstrate low hepatitis B vaccine seroprotection rates.Scientific reports · 2023Pooled it
- Strategies for prevention of gastrointestinal cancers in developing countries: a systematic review.Journal of global health · 2017Pooled it
- Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015.MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports · 2015Guideline
- Persistence of hepatitis B immune memory until 9-10 years of age following hepatitis B vaccination at birth and DTaP-IPV-HB-PRP∼T vaccination at 2, 4 and 6 months.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2018Trial
- Long-term protection following a primary series of hepatitis B vaccine in Alaska Native children and adults.Hepatology communications · 2026Article
- Serological epidemiology of hepatitis B virus and vaccine-induced immune dynamics in 58,169 children in Wuhan, China (2019-2025): a cross-sectional analysis of waning immunity and adolescent susceptibility.Virology journal · 2026Article
- The magnitude and durability of neutralizing antibody responses to human papillomavirus vaccine do not depend on DNA sensing pathways.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Prevalence of chronic viral hepatitis B, D among Mongol migrants in Sweden compared to a sex- and age-matched native Mongol cohort.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Evaluation of hepatitis B vaccine effectiveness among fully vaccinated healthcare workers in Ethiopia.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Closing the hepatitis B birth-dose gap in Cameroon: Global evidence and policy imperatives.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- The magnitude and durability of neutralizing antibody responses to human papillomavirus vaccine do not depend on DNA sensing pathways.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Breakthrough hepatitis B virus infection and its associated factors among vaccinated children in Northwest Ethiopia.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- A modular mRNA vaccine platform encoding antigen-presenting capsid virus-like particles enhances the immunogenicity of the malaria antigen Pfs25.Nature nanotechnology · 2025Article
- Molecular ingredients of an immunogen for long-lasting IgG.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
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- Article
- Evaluation of the immunization efficacy and adverse reactions of hepatitis B vaccination in children with thalassemia minor.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Regulation of Hepatitis B Virus Replication by Modulating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress (ER-Stress).International journal of microbiology · 2024Article
- Prevalence of hepatitis B infection in the Gambian population: A narrative review of recent developments.Preventive medicine reports · 2023Review
- Vaccination Campaign against Hepatitis B Virus in Italy: A History of Successful Achievements.Vaccines · 2023Review
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo determine the duration of protection from hepatitis B vaccine given in infancy and early childhood and asses risk factors for HBV infection and chronic infection.
methodsIn 1984 infant HBV vaccination was started in two Gambian villages. Cross sectional serological surveys have been undertaken every 4 years to determine vaccine efficacy. In the current survey 84.6% of 1508 eligible participants aged 1-28 years were tested. A spouse study was conducted in females (aged 14 years and above) and their male partners.
resultsVaccine efficacy against chronic infection with hepatitis B virus was 95.1% (95% confidence interval 91.5% to 97.1%), which did not vary significantly between age groups or village. Efficacy against infection was 85.4% (82.7% to 87.7%), falling significantly with age. Concentrations of hepatitis B antibody fell exponentially with age varying according to peak response: 20 years after vaccination only 17.8% (95% CI 10.1-25.6) of persons with a low peak response (10-99 mIU/ml) had detectable HBs antibody compared to 27% (21.9% to 32.2%) of those with a high peak response (>999 mIU/ml). Time since vaccination and a low peak response were the strongest risk factors for HBV infections; males were more susceptible, marriage was not a significant risk for females. Hepatitis B DNA was not detected after infection, which tested soley core antibody positive. An undetectable peak antibody response of <10 mIU/ml and a mother who was hepatitis B e antigen positive were powerful risk factors for chronic infection.
conclusionsAdolescents and young adults vaccinated in infancy are at increased risk of hepatitis B infection, but not chronic infection. Married women were not at increased risk. There is no compelling evidence for the use of a booster dose of HBV vaccine in The Gambia.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.