ArticleGenome biology2013
RNA sequencing reveals sexually dimorphic gene expression before gonadal differentiation in chicken and allows comprehensive annotation of the W-chromosome.
Article in Genome biology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 70 papers.
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70 citing papers in PubMed, 147 citations in OpenAlex.
- Screening and identification of genes for cell autonomous sex identity in chicken somatic cells.Poultry science · 2026Article
- RASA1 expression highlights Z/W dosage dynamics and gonadal development in chickens.BMC genomics · 2025Article
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- Transcriptomic Profiling Reveals Altered Expression of Genes Involved in Metabolic and Immune Processes in NDV-Infected Chicken Embryos.Metabolites · 2024Article
- The first chicken oocyte nucleus whole transcriptomic profile defines the spectrum of maternal mRNA and non-coding RNA genes transcribed by the lampbrush chromosomes.Nucleic acids research · 2024Article
- The full-length transcriptional of the multiple spatiotemporal embryo-gonad tissues in chicken (Gallus gallus).BMC genomic data · 2024Article
- Positive Selection Drives cis-regulatory Evolution Across the Threespine Stickleback Y Chromosome.Molecular biology and evolution · 2024Article
- Review
- RNA sequencing analysis of sexual dimorphism in Japanese quail.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Article
- Extraordinary variability in gene activation and repression programs during gonadal sex differentiation across vertebrates.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2024Article
- Gene Expression Profiling Reveals Potential Players of Sex Determination and Asymmetrical Development in Chicken Embryo Gonads.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Preliminary Study on Expression and Function of the Chicken W Chromosome GeneInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Article
- Overview of Avian Sex Reversal.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Gene expression of male pathway genes sox9 and amh during early sex differentiation in a reptile departs from the classical amniote model.BMC genomics · 2023Article
- Parallel Evolution of Sex-Linked Genes across XX/XY and ZZ/ZW Sex Chromosome Systems in the FrogGenes · 2023Article
- Avian Sex Determination: A Chicken and Egg Conundrum.Sexual development : genetics, molecular biology, evolution, endocrinology, embryology, and pathology of sex determination and differentiation · 2023Review
- Improved biomarker discovery through a plot twist in transcriptomic data analysis.BMC biology · 2022Article
10 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundBirds have a ZZ male: ZW female sex chromosome system and while the Z-linked DMRT1 gene is necessary for testis development, the exact mechanism of sex determination in birds remains unsolved. This is partly due to the poor annotation of the W chromosome, which is speculated to carry a female determinant. Few genes have been mapped to the W and little is known of their expression.
resultsWe used RNA-seq to produce a comprehensive profile of gene expression in chicken blastoderms and embryonic gonads prior to sexual differentiation. We found robust sexually dimorphic gene expression in both tissues pre-dating gonadogenesis, including sex-linked and autosomal genes. This supports the hypothesis that sexual differentiation at the molecular level is at least partly cell autonomous in birds. Different sets of genes were sexually dimorphic in the two tissues, indicating that molecular sexual differentiation is tissue specific. Further analyses allowed the assembly of full-length transcripts for 26 W chromosome genes, providing a view of the W transcriptome in embryonic tissues. This is the first extensive analysis of W-linked genes and their expression profiles in early avian embryos.
conclusionSexual differentiation at the molecular level is established in chicken early in embryogenesis, before gonadal sex differentiation. We find that the W chromosome is more transcriptionally active than previously thought, expand the number of known genes to 26 and present complete coding sequences for these W genes. This includes two novel W-linked sequences and three small RNAs reassigned to the W from the Un_Random chromosome.
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