ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2013
In vitro and in vivo delivery of genes and proteins using the bacteriophage T4 DNA packaging machine.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 60 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 108 citations in OpenAlex.
- Virus-like particles based on plant viruses and bacteriophages: emerging strategies for the delivery of nucleic acid therapeutics.Chemical science · 2026Review
- Targeted bacteriophage T4 nanoparticles reverse HIV-1 latency in human T cell line models.iScience · 2025Article
- Bacteriophage T4 genome packaging: mechanism and application.EcoSal Plus · 2025Review
- The bacteriophage T4 replisome: a model system for understanding DNA replication mechanisms.EcoSal Plus · 2025Review
- Human bladder organoids model urinary tract infection and bacteriophage therapy.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Article
- EngineeredFrontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Review
- Bacteriophage T4 as a Protein-Based, Adjuvant- and Needle-Free, Mucosal Pandemic Vaccine Design Platform.Annual review of virology · 2024Review
- Phage-based delivery systems: engineering, applications, and challenges in nanomedicines.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2024Review
- Engineering Phage Nanocarriers Integrated with Bio-Intelligent Plasmids for Personalized and Tunable Enzyme Delivery to Enhance Chemodynamic Therapy.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Article
- Antigen self-anchoring onto bacteriophage T5 capsid-like particles for vaccine design.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- Engineered phage with cell-penetrating peptides for intracellular bacterial infections.mSystems · 2023Article
- Evolution of the T4 phage virion is driven by selection pressure from non-bacterial factors.Microbiology spectrum · 2023Article
- Mammalian cells internalize bacteriophages and use them as a resource to enhance cellular growth and survival.PLoS biology · 2023Article
- Structure and Function of Hoc-A Novel Environment Sensing Device Encoded by T4 and Other Bacteriophages.Viruses · 2023Article
- Design of bacteriophage T4-based artificial viral vectors for human genome remodeling.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Computational design of CRISPR guide RNAs to enable strain-specific control of microbial consortia.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Structures of a large prolate virus capsid in unexpanded and expanded states generate insights into the icosahedral virus assembly.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Article
- Bacteriophage T4 as a nanovehicle for delivery of genes and therapeutics into human cells.Current opinion in virology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The bacteriophage T4 DNA packaging machine consists of a molecular motor assembled at the portal vertex of an icosahedral head. The ATP-powered motor packages the 56-µm-long, 170-kb viral genome into 120 nm × 86 nm head to near crystalline density. We engineered this machine to deliver genes and proteins into mammalian cells. DNA molecules were translocated into emptied phage head and its outer surface was decorated with proteins fused to outer capsid proteins, highly antigenic outer capsid protein (Hoc) and small outer capsid protein (Soc). T4 nanoparticles carrying reporter genes, vaccine candidates, functional enzymes, and targeting ligands were efficiently delivered into cells or targeted to antigen-presenting dendritic cells, and the delivered genes were abundantly expressed in vitro and in vivo. Mice delivered with a single dose of F1-V plague vaccine containing both gene and protein in the T4 head elicited robust antibody and cellular immune responses. This "progene delivery" approach might lead to new types of vaccines and genetic therapies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.