ArticleNeurology2013
Infectious burden and cognitive function: the Northern Manhattan Study.
Article in Neurology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 76 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
76 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 140 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sero-epidemiological studies of pathogen burden: A scoping review.Wellcome open research · 2026Pooled it
- Human herpesvirus infections and dementia or mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2019Pooled it
- Trial
- Viral infection states, immune control, and adult cognition: evidence across latency, persistence, and post-acute responses.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Article
- The association of common infectious exposures with cognitive performance in community-dwelling older adults.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Involvement of virus infections and antiviral agents in schizophrenia.Psychological medicine · 2025Review
- Infection burden, periodontal pathogens, and their interactive association with incident all-cause and Alzheimer's disease dementia in a large national survey.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
- Viral Infections, Are They a Trigger and Risk Factor of Alzheimer's Disease?Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Intermittent cytomegalovirus infection alters neurobiological metabolism and induces cognitive deficits in mice.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2024Article
- Expanded taxonomies of human memory.Frontiers in cognition · 2024Review
- Distinct and Overlapping Metabolites Associated with Visual Impairment and Cognitive Impairment.Journal of Alzheimer's disease reports · 2024Article
- Herpes simplex virus 2 serology is associated with thinner whole-brain cortex in community-dwelling older adults.Journal of the neurological sciences · 2023Article
- Cognitive function in recovered COVID-19 Lebanese patients with schizophrenia.Annals of general psychiatry · 2023Article
- Intermittent systemic exposure to lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation disrupts hippocampal long-term potentiation and impairs cognition in aging male mice.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2023Article
- Signalling cognition: the gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Review
- Mechanistic insights into the role of herpes simplex virus 1 in Alzheimer's disease.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2023Review
- Exploring the relationship of cognitive function with and without COVID-19 recovered schizophrenic patients.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Herpesvirus Infections in the Human Brain: A Neural Cell Model of the Complement System Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2023Article
- The Role of Incarceration as a Risk Factor for Cognitive Impairment.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2022Article
16 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveWe hypothesized that infectious burden (IB), a composite serologic measure of exposure to common pathogens (i.e., Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus 1 and 2) associated with vascular risk in the prospective Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS), would also be associated with cognition.
methodsCognition was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) at enrollment and the modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS-m) at annual follow-up visits. Adjusted linear and logistic regressions were used to measure the association between IB index and MMSE. Generalized estimating equation models were used to evaluate associations with TICS-m and its change over time.
resultsSerologies and cognitive assessments were available in 1,625 participants of the NOMAS cohort. In unadjusted analyses, higher IB index was associated with worse cognition (change per standard deviation [SD] of IB for MMSE was -0.77, p < 0.0001, and for first measurements of TICS-m was -1.89, p < 0.0001). These effects were attenuated after adjusting for risk factors (for MMSE adjusted change per SD of IB = -0.17, p = 0.06, for TICS-m adjusted change per SD IB = -0.68, p < 0.0001). IB was associated with MMSE ≤24 (compared to MMSE >24, adjusted odds ratio 1.26 per SD of IB, 95% confidence interval 1.06-1.51). IB was not associated with cognitive decline over time. The results were similar when IB was limited to viral serologies only.
conclusionA measure of IB associated with stroke risk and atherosclerosis was independently associated with cognitive performance in this multiethnic cohort. Past infections may contribute to cognitive impairment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.